Term
| Name the major anatomical levels of the nervous system |
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Definition
| supratentorial level, posterior fossa level, spinal level, peripheral level |
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Term
| name the anatomical structures at the supratentorial level of the cerebrum |
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula lobes |
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Term
| name the anatomical structures at the supratentorial level of the nuclei |
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Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia (putamen, globus palidus, and caudate nucleus) |
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Term
| name the anatomical structures of the supratentorial level of the cavities |
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Definition
| 2 lateral ventricles, third and forth ventricles |
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Term
| What is the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| a group of nuclei that control background movement and movement initiation patterns. It connects to cerebral cortex & extrapyramidal system. It does not directly connect to or influence LMN level. |
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Term
| What structures comprise the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| caudate nucleus, putamen, globus palidus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra |
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Term
| what two structures comprise the lentiform nucleus? |
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Definition
| putamen and globus palidus |
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Term
| What are the functions of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| regulate muscle tone, help maintain posture & static muscle contraction, regulates amplitude, velocity & initiation of movement, inhibits or modulates cortical impulses |
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Term
| Name two disorders that affect basal ganglia function |
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Definition
| hypokinesia (reduced movement); Hyperkinesia (involuntary movement) |
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Term
| describe hypokinesia disorders |
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Definition
| substantia nigra disorder; deficiency in dopamine; results in increased muscle tone (rigidity). Prominent disorder: Parkinson's disease |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of hyperkinsia? |
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Definition
| excessive dopamine -- reduces inhibition of cortex discharges causes exaggerated movements affecting location, speed, regularity, and predictability. |
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Term
| What is the function of the thalamus nuclei? |
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Definition
| emotion, receive input from basal ganglia and cerebellum, relays information on general body sensation, processes auditory information, and processes visual information. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| release of hormones, control of food and water intake, sexual behavior, dinural (day/night) rhythms, mediating of emotional responses |
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Term
| Name the three general divisions of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| mammillary bodies (memory); tuberal (emotions), supraoptic (emotion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily a pineal gland that manufactures melatonin & enzymes sensitive to daylight; daily biological clock |
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Term
| What is the function of the subthalamus? |
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Definition
| regulates movements produced by skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What two cranial nerves are located at the supratentorial level? |
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Definition
| CN 1 - olfactory nerve, and CN 2 - Optic Nerve |
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