Term
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Definition
| Activities or tasks that require voluntary head, body, and or limb movement to achieve a goal |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the acquisition of motor skills. (And then a bunch of other things but the above is the basic gyst). |
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Definition
| the study of how our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill. |
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| the study of human development from infancy to old age with specific interest in issues related to either motor learning or motor control |
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Definition
| an activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve |
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Definition
| [synonym to motor skills] |
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Term
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Definition
| behavioral characteristics of specific limbs or a combination of limbs that are component parts of an action or motor skill |
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Definition
| a motor skll that requires the use of large musculature to achieve the goal of the skill |
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Definition
| a motor skill that requires control of small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill; typically involves eye-hand coordination and requires a high degree of precision of hand and finger movement |
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Definition
a motor skill with clearly defined movement beginning and end points, usually requiring a simple movement
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Definition
| a motor skill with arbitrary movement beginning and end points. these skills usually involve repetitive movements |
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Definition
| a motor skill involving a series of discrete skills |
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Definition
| the supporting surface, objects, and or other people involed in the environemnt in which a skill is performed |
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Definition
| a motor skill perfromed in a stationary environment where the performer determines when to begin the action |
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Definition
| a motor skill that involves a nonstable, unpredictable environment where an object or environmental context is in motion and dertermines when to begin the action |
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Definition
| a classification system organized according to relationships among the component characteristics of the group of items or objects being classified |
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Definition
| characteristics of the environmental context that determines (i.e. "regulate") the movement characteristics needed to perform an action |
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Definition
an environemtnal characteristic in Gentile's taxonomy of motor skills
The term refers to whether the regulatory conditions associated with the performance of a skill in the one situation or for one trial are present or absent in the next situation or trial |
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Term
| Performance outcome measures |
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Definition
a category or motor skill performance measures that indicates the outcome or result of performing a motor skill
eg. how far a person walked, how fast a person ran a certain distance, or how many degrees a person flexed a knee |
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Term
| Performane production measures |
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Definition
a category of motor skill performance measures that indicates ther performance or specific aspects of the motor control system during the performance of an action
eg. limb kinematics, force, EEG, EMG, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
the interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) and the initiation of a response
(e.g., the amount time between the "go" signal for a swimming sprint race start and the beginning of the feet moving off the starting block) |
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Definition
| the interval of time between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movement |
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Definition
| the time interval involving both reaction time and movement time; that is, the time from the onset of a signal (stimulus) to the completion of a response |
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Definition
the reaction time when the situation involves only one signal (stimulus) that requires only one response.
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Definition
| the reaction time when the situation involves more than one signal and each signal requires its own speicified response |
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Definition
| the reaction time when the situation involves more than one signal but one one repsonse, which is to only one of the signals; the other signals require no response |
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Definition
| the unsigned deviation from the target or criterion, representing amount of error. a measure of the magnitude of an error without regard to the direction of the deviation |
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Definition
| the signed (+/-) deviation from the target or criterion; it represents amount and direction of error and serves as a measure of performance bias |
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Definition
| an error score representing the variability (or conversely, the consistency) of performance. |
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Term
| root-mean-squared error (RMSE) |
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Definition
| an error measure used for continuous skills to indicate the amount of error between the performance curve produced and the criterion performance curve for a specific amount of time during which performance is sampled |
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Definition
| the description of motion without regard to force or mass; it includes displacement, velocity, and acceleration |
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| a kinematic measure describing changes in the spatial positions of a limb or joint during the time course of the movement |
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Definition
| a kinematic measure describing the rate of change of an object's position with respect to time. it is derived by dividing displacement by time (eg. m/sec, km/hr) |
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Definition
| a kinematic measure that describes change in velocity during movement; we derive it from velocity by dividing change in velocity by change in time |
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Definition
| the study of the role of force as a cause of motion |
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Definition
| a measurement techniue that records the electrical activity of a muscle or group of muscles. it indicates the muscle activity |
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Term
| electroencephalography (EEG) |
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Definition
| the recording of brain activity by the detection of electrical activity in specific areas on the surface of the cortex by several surface electrodes placed on a person's scalp. brain activity is recorded as waves, which are identified on the basis of the speed of the rhythimic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| functional magnetic resonance imaging; a brain-scanning technique that assesses changes in blood flow by detecting blood oxygenation characteristcs while a person is performing a skill or activity in the MRI scanner. it provides clear images of active brain areas at a specified time and can provide quantitived information about the levels of brain region activitiy |
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Definition
| a general trait or capacity of an individual that is a determinant of a person's achievement potential for the performance of specific skills |
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Term
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Definition
| an ability that is specifically related to the performance of a motor skill |
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Term
| general motor ability hypothesis |
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Definition
| a hypothesis that maintains that the many different motor abilities that exist in an individual are highly related and can be characterized in terms of a singular, global motor ability |
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| specificity of motor abilities hypothesis |
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Definition
| a hypothesis that maintains that the many motor abilities in an individual are relatively independant |
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Term
balance ability
(two types and definitions) |
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Definition
static- the maintaining of equilibrium while in a stationary position
dynamic- maintaining of equilibrium while in motion |
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Term
Timing ability
(2 types and definitions) |
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Definition
External, or anticipation timing- timing our movement initiation with the movement of an external object (hitting a baseball)
internal timing- performing our movements according to our knowledge of time (walking, jogging, dancing without music, etc) |
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Term
What are Fleishman's 2 broad categories of human abilities? |
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Definition
Perceptual motor abilities
Physical proficiency abilities |
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Term
| Perceptual Motor Abilities |
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Definition
11 of them
[definition needed] |
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Term
Physical Proficiency Abilities
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Definition
more generally related to gross motor skill performance; physical fitness abilities
9 of them |
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Term
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Definition
| test of motor skills- guess of future performance of a motor skill or physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| motor ability test- evaluation of the causes of motor skill performance deficiencies or the assessment of the effectiveness of an intervention program, like physical rehab |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell; the basic component of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| extensions from a neuron's cell body that recieve neural impulses from other neurons; a neuron may have none or as many as thousands of dendrites |
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Definition
| extensions from a neuron's cell body that transmit neural impulses to other neurons, structures in the CNS, or muscles; a neuron has only one axon, although most axons branch into many branches |
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Term
| sensory neurons (aka afferent neurons) |
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Definition
| nerve cells that send neural impulses to the CNS |
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Term
| motor neurons (aka efferent neurons) |
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Definition
| nerve cells that send neural impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized nerve cells that originate and terminate in the brain or spinal cord; they function between axons descending from the brain and synapse on motor neurons, and between the axons from sensory nerves and the spinal nerves ascending to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain structure in the forebrain that consists of two halves, known as the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| the undulating, wrinkly, gray-colored surface of the cerebrum; it is a thin tissue of nerve cell bodies (about 2-5 mm thick) called gray matter |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebral cortex area located posterior to the central sulcus; it includes several specific regions that recieve sensory information transmitted via the sensory nerves specific to that type of information |
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Term
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Definition
| a cerebral cortex area located in the frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus; it contains motor neurons that send axons to specific skeletal muscles throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a cerebral cortex area located in the frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor cortex |
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Term
supplementary motor area (SMA)
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Definition
| a cerebral cortex area located on the medial surface of the frontal lobe adjacent to portions of the primary motor cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of the cerebral cortex that plays an important role in the control of voluntary movement, such as the integration of movement preparation and execution processes by interacting with premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and SMA before and during movement |
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Term
| basal ganglia (aka basal nuclei) |
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Definition
| a subcortical collection of nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus) buried within the cerebral hemispheres; they play an important role in the planning and initiation of movement and the control of antagonist muscles during movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a basal ganglia disorder caused by the lack of production of the neurotramiter dopamine by the substantia nigra; the disease is characterized by slow movements (bradykinesia), a reduced amount of movement (akinesia), tremor, and muscular rigidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of the forebrain located between the cerebrum and the brainstem; it contains the thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain structure located behind the cerebral hemispheres and attached to the brainstem; it is covered by the cerebellar cortex and is divided into two hemispheres; it plays a key role in the execution of smooth and accurate movements |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain structure located directly under the cerebral hemispheres and connected to the spinal cord; it contains three areas that are significantly involved in motor control: the pons, medulla, and reticular formation |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of brain structures conssting of parts of the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex, the thalamus and hypotalamus, and the nerve fibers that interconnect these parts and other CNS structures; it is involved in the learning of motor skills |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neural pathways in the spinal cord and brainstem that connect with the various sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neural pathways that descend from the brain through the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| the alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates; it serves as the fuctional unit of motor control for the innervation of the muscles involved in a movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of increasing the number of motor units needed to increase the number of muscle fibers active at any one time and thereby increase the amount of force the muscle can exert |
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Term
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Definition
| the patterning of head, body, and or limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of independant elements or components in a control system and the number of ways each component can act |
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Term
| degrees of freedom problem |
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Definition
| a control problem that occurs in the designing of a complex system that must produce a specific result; the design problem involves determining how to constrain the system's many degrees of freedom so that it can produce the specific result |
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Term
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Definition
| a control system in which all the information needed to initiate and carry out an action as planned is contained in the initial instructions to the effectors |
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Term
| closed-loop control system |
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Definition
| a system of control in which during the course of an action, feedback is compared against a standard or reference to enable an action to be carried out as planned |
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Term
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Definition
| information from the sensory system that indicates the status of a movement to the central nervous system; in a closed-loop control system, feedback is used to make corrections to an ongoing movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory representation that stores information needed to perform an action |
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Term
| generalized motor program (GMP) |
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Definition
| the memory representation of a class of actions that share common invariant characteristics; it provides the basis for controlling a specific action within the class of actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a unique set of characteristics that defines a GMP and does not vary from one performance of the action to another |
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Term
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Definition
| features of the GMP that can be varied from one performance of a skill to another; the features of a skill that must be added to the invariant features of a skill that must be added to the invariant features of a GMP before a person can perfrom a skill to meet the specific movement demands of a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion, or percentage, of the total amount of time required by each component of a skill during th performance of that skill |
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Term
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Definition
| a rule or set of rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision; in Schmidt's schema theory, an abstract representation of rules govering movement |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to describing an explaining the control of coordinated movement that emphasizes the role of information in the environment and the dynamic properties of the body and limbs; it is also known as the dynamical systems theory |
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Term
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Definition
a behavior that changes in abrupt, nonlinear ways in response to systematic linear increases in the value of a specific variable
eg. the change from smooth to turbulent water flow in a tube at a specific increase in water velocity; the change from a walking to a running gait at a specific increase in gait velocity |
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Definition
| a behavioral steady state of a system that represents a preferred behavioral state and incorporates the notion of invariance by noting that a stable system will spontaneously return to a stable state after it is slightly perturbed |
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Definition
| the stable behavioral steady states of systems. in terms of human coordinated movement, attractors characterize preferred behavioral states, such as the in-phase and antiphase states for rhythmic binamual finger movements |
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Term
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Definition
| functionally specific variables that define the overall behavior of a system; they enable a coordinated pattern of movement to be reproduced and distinguished from other patterns (eg. relative phase); known also as collective variables |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinated movement control variables (eg. tempo, speed, force) that freely change according to the characteristics of an action situation. according to the dynamic patter view of motor control when a control parameter is systematically varied (eg. speed is increased from slow to fast), an order parameter may remain stable or change its stable state characteristic at a certain level of change of the control parameter |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of a specific stable pattern of behavior due to certain conditions characterizing a situation rather than to specific control mechanism organizing the behavior; for example, in the physical world hurricanes self-organize when certain wind and water temperature conditions exist |
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Term
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Definition
| functionally specific collectives of muscles and joints that are constrained by the nervous system to act cooperatively to produce an action |
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Term
| perception-action coupling |
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Definition
| the spatial and temporal coordination of vision and the hands or feet that enables people to perform eye-hand and eye-foot coordination skills; that is, the coordination of the visual perception of the object and the limb movement required to achieve the action goal |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of a limb, body, and head movement characteristics; afferent neutral pathways send to the central nervous system proprioceptive information about characteristics such as limb movement direction, location in space, and velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neurons located in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints. these neurons pick up information about body and limb position and changes in position |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of proprioceptor consisting of specialized muscle fiber that lie within the fibers of most skeletal muscles; they detect changes in muscle length |
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Term
| golgi-tendon organs (GTO) |
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Definition
| a type of proprioceptor located in the skeletal muscle near the insertion of the tendons into the muscle; they detect changes in muscle tension, or force |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of various types of proprioceptors lecated in the joint capsule and ligaments; they detect changes in joint movement at the extreme limits of movement and position |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure that researchers use to make proprioceptive feedback unavailable (through sugically severing or removing afferent neural pathways involved in the movement); it also can result from injury, surgery, or disease to afferent neural pathways involved in proprioception |
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Term
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Definition
| a clear surface that covers the front of the eye; it serves as an important part of the eye's optical system |
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Term
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Definition
| the opening in the eye that lets in light; its diameter increases and decreases according to the amount of light detected by the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the eye structure that surrounds the pupil and provides the eye its color |
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Term
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Definition
| the transparent eye structure that sits just behind the iris; it allows the eye to focus at various distances |
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Term
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Definition
| the eye structure that lines the back wall of the eye; as an extension of the brain it contains the neuroreceptors that transmit visual informaiton to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two types of photoreceptors in the retina; it detects low levels of light |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two types of photoreceptors in the retina; it detects bright light |
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Term
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Definition
| cranial nerve II; it serves as the means of information transmission from the retina to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the place near the base of the brain where the optic nerve fibers meet and either continue to the same side or cross over to the opposite side of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the image or scene being viewed; it typically extends approximately 200 degrees horizontally and 160 degrees vertically |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle 2 to 5 degrees of the visual field; it is sometimes called foveal vision |
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Term
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Definition
| the visual field outside the 2 to 5 degrees of central vision |
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Definition
| the patterns of rays of light that striker the retina of the eye that emanate from the are specific to objects and features in the environment |
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Term
| Ch. 7 manual aiming skills |
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Definition
| motor skills that involve arm, hand, and/or finger movement to a target; e.g., putting a key into a keyhole, threading a needle with thread, and typing on a computer keyboard |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic of motor skill performance in which the speed at which a skill is performed is influenced by movement accuracy demands; the trade-off is that increasing speed yields decreasing accuracy, and vice versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| a human performance law specifying the movement time for an aiming mevement when the distance to move and the target size are known; it is quantified as MT=a+b log2(2D/W), where a and b are constants and W=target width, and D=distnace from the starting point to the target |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Fitts' law, a quantitative measure of the difficulty of performing a skill involving both speed and accuracy requirements; it is calculated as the log2(2D/W), where W=target width, and D=distance from the starting point to the target |
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Term
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Definition
| the action of reaching for and grasping an object that may be stationary or moving |
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Definition
| the capability of the motor control system to enable a person to achieve an action goal in a variety of situations and conditions (eg. writing your signature with either hand) |
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Definition
| a motor skill that requires the simultaneous use of the two arms; the skill may require the two arms to move with the same or different spatial and/or temporal characteristics |
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Definition
| the activity that occurs between the intention to perform an action and the initiation of that action; sometimes, the term motor programming is used to refer to this preparation activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a law of human performance stating that RT will increase logarithmically as the number of stimulus-response choices increases |
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Term
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Definition
| the cost (in terms of slower RT), and benefit (in terms of faster RT) that occurs as a result of biasing the preparation of an action in favor of one of several possible actions (as opposed to preparing as if each possible action were equally probable) |
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Term
| stimulus-response compatibility |
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Definition
| a characteristic of the spatial arrangement relationship between a stimulus and a response. this relationship includes the spatial arrangement of stimuli and the limb movements required to respond to them, and the physical characteristics or meaning of a stimulus and the type of response required. the degree of compatibility influences the amoundt of preparation time in a reaction time task involving stimulus and response choices |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of stimulus-response compatibility situation in which a color's name and ink are the same or different. RT for saying the word is faster when both are the same color than when the word is a different ink color |
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Term
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Definition
| in a reaction time paradigm, the time interval between a warning signal and the go signal, or stimulus |
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Term
| psychological refractory period (PRP) |
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Definition
| a delay period during which a person seems to put planned action "on hold" while executing a previously initiated action |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining attention in a performance situation in which stimuli requiring a response occur infrequently |
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