what is motor learning?

premanent change in the performance level of a work tat as the result of practrice

what is motor skills?

denotes an act or tast that has a goal to achieve -- need voluntary movement to be performed.

this is not a reflex

what are characteristics of skillful motor performance?

1. production of fast output of hight quality

2. appearance of ease and smoothness of movement

3. aniticipation of variations in the stimulus before it arrives

4. reduces time to make a choice in response

what are the types of variables that affect the learning of a motor skill?

1. input variables --- understanding stuff--- jim thrope coudnt hit a curve ball for shit

2. state of the performer - maturation, tension, motives

3. nature of the pratice - mastrured or disrupted?

what is gross motor skills?

large musclature as the primary basis of movement -- walking, throwing, jumping..

what is the important component that is essential to skilled performance? what is not?

is not - - percision

is -- smooth coordination

what are fine motor skills?

skills that require the ability to control small muscles of the body to acieve the succesful execution of the skill

hand eye coordination?

what do physical therapis and occupational therapis usually work with?

pt - gross motor skills

ot - fine motor skills

what is the difference b/w dicrete motor skills and continuous motor skills?

d- clearly defined beginings and ends points

--- serial motor skills

c- arbitrary beginnings and end points

--- swimming..

what is the difference between closed and open skills?

closed -- environment is stable and predictable

open -- environment is constantly changing

what are the stages of skill acquisition?

cognitive stage

associative stage

autnomous stage

exaplain the cognitive stage

- performers needs to understand what needs to be done.

- concered with organization of which movements to make and how to make them

- attempt a mental plan

errors are made frequently and large

explain the associative stage

performers ..

able to reproduce a reasonable approx of the desired movement

able to recognize errors

use proprioceptives rather than visual information

expalin what happens during the autonomous stage

advanced performers

motor response

practice

very good

variability is small

continuum occurs

what is knowledge of results?

it is information about the performer by an external source.

important for learning in the early stages. because the performer has not develop internal standar of correct performance

what are the 3 important functions in KR learning?

1. guide to error correction

2. reinfoce correct performance

3. motivate the individual towards achieving a performance goal

what does KR need to provide?

information that will direct attention to the skill that must be corrected. must give info aout how the learner can correct the error

it should not be given for every trial

what are the three intervals that are associated with KR?

1. KR-dely interval -- completion of a response and preceeds presentation (critical time period)

2. post KR interval -- follows presentation of KR and to the next response (less critical)

3. inter-response interval -- total time between two responses

explain videotaping as a method of KR.

important for atleast 5 weeks

meaningful information must be presented

its the same as verbal Kr

what is the transfer of learning?

how many are there?

- previously practiced skill on to learning a new skill.

 handball vs squash

positive transfer

negative transfer

zero transfer

bilateral transfer

what is the differnce betwen positive and negative transfer?

positive - when previous skill aids the new skills

negative -- when previous skills interferes with the new skill -- like forhand shots with badminton and tennis

zero vs bilater transfering

zero - previous skills has no influence on the new skill

swimming and driving

bilateral -- improvements in performance of one limb as a result of practicing the other. .

basketball, soccer, kicking..

bilater transfers effets are the result of what?

cognitive and motor factors

what is the purpose of practicing?

to learn to prfrom that skill in situations where you are being tested... in some way

if you establish practice conditions . max test will be performed at best

what is mental practice?

the cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absece of overt physical practice.

imaging the actual correct performance of the movement

helps with acquisition performance, retention of motor skills,

what is the assesment of learning?

1. trial performance

2. retention test

3. transfer test.