Term
|
Definition
Thin layer IV (input layer)
Thick layer V (output layer)
Giant pyramidal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thick layer IV (input layer)
Thin layer V (output layer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All other areas besides motor and sensory cortex
All 6 layers are equally represented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the major output cells of the cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Major output layer of the cortex
Giant pyramidal cells (Motor Cortex)
Projection fibers to subcortical structures and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintain microenvironment and provide neurons with structural support
Names are different in CNS and PNS, but functions are the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Astrocytes - Satellite Cells
Oligodendrocytes - Schwann cells
Microglia - Macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Satellite Cells - Astrocytes
Schwann cells - Oligodendrocytes
Machrophages - Microglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(PNS - Satelite Cells)
Can Replicate
Release neuromodulators
Secrete growth factors to support neurons
Provide barrier for ionic environment (help maintain it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(PNS - Schwann Cells)
Myelinate axons
Degeneration > Multiple Sclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degeneration of oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(PNS - Macrophages)
Immune cells
Pick up debris
Secrete neurotoxic substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(CNS - Astrocytes)
surround cells in ganglia
regulate extracellular ionic environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(CNS - Oligodendrocytes)
Myelinate peripheral nerve axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(CNS - microglial)
Immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Presynaptic cell makes neurotransmitter and packages it in synaptic vesicles in nerve terminal
Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter which diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptor molecules on postsynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The presynaptic action potential causes depolarization of the axon terminal membrane
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters cell
Intracellular Ca2+ promotes docking of synaptic vesicles to release sites
The neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis
The intracellular Ca2+ is pumped into the endoplasmic reticulum and eventually to the extracellular space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NT diffuses through synaptic cleft
NT briefly binds to receptor on postsynaptic terminal on dendrite or motor end plate on muslce
NT binding causes changes in ion permeability across postynaptic cell membrane to depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell
RESULT: causes a change in the charge of the postsynaptic cell
Free NT molecules are removed from synaptic cleft
Graded potentials from many synapses summate to deterine response of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Presynaptic cell makes NT and packages it in synaptic vesicles in nerve reminal
Action potential causes Ca2+ influx that initiates release of neurotransmitter to diffuse across synaptic celft and bind to receptor molecules on postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter binding causes change in ionic permeability |
|
|
Term
| Result of crossing synapse |
|
Definition
| Causes change in the charge in the postsynaptic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purkinje Cells (inhibitory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only output cell for Cerebellar Cortex
project to cerebellar nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulocerebellar Module |
|
Definition
A cerebellar module
Function: Balance and Posture
Both reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts and nuclei are involved
Damage in central portion of cerebellum: disruption in balance and posture |
|
|
Term
| Damage in central portion of cerebellum |
|
Definition
Cause disruption in balance and posture
Unsteadiness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cerebellar module
Function: affects the control of axial muscles
Cerebellum can project directly to the spinal cord on its own
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vestibulocerebellar
Spinocerebellar
Pontocerebellar
Each has: an area of crotex, white matter core, nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cerebellar module
Function: Planning and control of upper arm and hand; more cognitive function
Lateral parts of cerebellar cortex
Damage: cognitive loss; upper extremities; integration of sensory input and projections affect the movement patterns
red nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Center for balance in the brain
Vestibular nuclei receive info from other areas of the body
Ability to control body and eyes relative to the external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 semicircular canals - rotational movement
2 otolith organs - linear acceleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vestibular receptor
Three
Rotational movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vestibular receptor
Two
Linear acceleration |
|
|
Term
| How Vestibular Sensory Receptors Work |
|
Definition
Hair cell sensory receptors
Head movements cause endolymph in semicircular canals and otolith organs to move and activate the hair cell receptors
Movement of hair cells in one direction cause depolarization and movement in the other direction causes hyperpolarization
Firing frequency speeds up in one direction and slows down in the other direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves hairs in semicircular canals and otolith organs causing either hyperpolarization or depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves hairs in semicircular canals and otolith organs causing either hyperpolarization or depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
control eyes, body, thalamus, and communicate with cerebellum
4 In pons and medulla
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eyes move in equal and opposite direction of the head
Stabilizes gaze during movement
Can be suppressed (watching a plane in the sky) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extensor control for posture |
|
|
Term
| What do vestibular nuclei project to? |
|
Definition
| eyes, cerebellum, spinal cord, and thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Motor behavior
Sensorimotor integration
Cognitive function
Motor planning and initiation of movement
In forebrain
Receives input from and projects to cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In Basal Nuclei
Damage > when you lose basal nuclei, you lose inhibition, and excitation output is increased because of decreased inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If you lesion nuclei > movement can be reduced (hypokinetic disturbances) or increased (hyperkinetic disturbances)
Damages showed from increased output from thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cognitive deficits
Hereditary
Progressive
Untreatable
Too much calcium in the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Progressive
Tremor
Fixed Posture |
|
|
