Term
|
Definition
| hunger causing hormone that is manufactored in the stomach, circulated in the blood and detected by the brain. Ghrelin increases when food is scarce. |
|
|
Term
| What brain structure monitors how much ghrelin is in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hunger-suppressing hormone that is created in the adipose (fat) tissues and released into the blood stream to stimulate brain activity underlying satiety. |
|
|
Term
| What are the biochemical agents found within the body called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the biochemical agents found within the central nervous system called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic principles of brain-based motivational processes? |
|
Definition
1. Environmental events stir biochemical agents into action
2. Biochemical agents stimulate particular brain structures
3. Specific brain structures generate specific motivations |
|
|
Term
| What are neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| The chemical communication messengers of the central nervous system, allowing neurons to communicate with one another.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication messengers of the endocrine system. (allowing glands to communicate through the blood stream with bodily organs like the heart or lungs.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebral cortex associated with? |
|
Definition
cognitive functions: thinking, planning, remembering
setting a goal, valuing an activity
- performs executive functions |
|
|
Term
| What are the eight key brain structures involved with motivation and emotion? |
|
Definition
- Septal area
- Cerebral Cortex
- Hippocampus
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Reticular Formation
- Medial Forebrain Bundle
- Prefrontal Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the limbic system? What structures are included? |
|
Definition
inner lobe of the brain that surrounds the brain stem and lies beneath the cortex, including:
- hypothalamus
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- septal area
and connecting fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are five of the approach-oriented brain structures? |
|
Definition
- Hypothalamus
- Medial Forebrain Bundle
- Septal Area
- Cerebral Cortex
- Left prefrontal cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What are three of the avoidance-oriented brain structures? |
|
Definition
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Right prefrontal cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the reticular formation associated with? |
|
Definition
Arousal in two parts:
- reticular activating system (ascending) which alerts and arouses the cortex, wakes up
-descending reticular formation which regulates muscles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the hypothalamus associated with? |
|
Definition
-pleaurable feelings associated with eating, drinking and mating
- regulates basic biological functions and the body's internal environment
- regulates endocrine and autonomic nervous system
- responsible for igniting motivations of hunger, satiety, thirst and sex
- controls the pituitary gland which technically regulates the endocrine system based on the released hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the medial forebrain bundle associated with? |
|
Definition
- pleasure center
- reinforcment
- connects hypothalamus to the the rest of the limbic system
- positivity |
|
|
Term
| What is the septal area associated with? |
|
Definition
| - pleasure relating to sociability and sexuality |
|
|
Term
| What is the left prefrontal cerebral cortex associated with? |
|
Definition
- approach motivation regulation
- emotional tendencies such as happy vs. sad |
|
|
Term
| What is the right prefrontal cerebral cortex associated with? |
|
Definition
- withdraw motivational and emotional tendencies
- regulates the calm vs. anxious types of emotions |
|
|
Term
| What is the amygdala associated with? |
|
Definition
detecting and responding to threats and danger
- causing fear, anger, anxiety
- survival related issues
- self-preservation
- perception of others' emotions, particularly negative
- learning new fears and associations |
|
|
Term
| What is the hippocampus associated with? |
|
Definition
| -Behavioral inhibition system during unexpected events |
|
|
Term
| What is the orbitofrontal cortex associated with? |
|
Definition
| Approach mentality. Learning the incentive value of events and making choices. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two personality dimensions qualified by a response to positive and negative emotion? |
|
Definition
| Behaviorial Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System |
|
|
Term
| What brain structure corresponds with BAS and BIS? |
|
Definition
People with sensitive left pre-frontal lobes score high on Behavioral Activation System, meaning they respond well to incentives and positivity.
People with sensitive right pre-frontal lobes tend to react strongly to negative emotional cues. |
|
|
Term
| What four neurotransmitters are central to motivation? |
|
Definition
- dopamine
- seratonin
- norepinephrine
- endorphin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurotransmitter which generates good feelings. events that signal reward or anticipation of pleasure trigger dopamine release. unexpected events/rewards and anticipation are responsible.
- produces enhanced functioning such as creativity and insightful problem solving
- makes us perceive things around us as attractive and approach them |
|
|
Term
| What three hormones are integral to motivation and emotion? |
|
Definition
- Cortisol
- testosterone
- oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter which influences mood and emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter that regulates arousal and alertness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter which inhibits pain, anxiety, and fear by generating good feelings to counter the negative ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that activates in the face of social-evaluative threats (public speaking) and almost any effort to negotiate one's social status when doubted/challenged. "Stess hormone". results in poor intellectual functioning and health outcomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone associated with high sexual motivation. underlies the mating effort and same sex competition. it is responsive to environmental factors such as marriage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"tend and befriend stress response"
why people counsel and confide in friends during stressful events. especially in women, motivates a third possible coping response, seek help/support. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "comparator" and which brain function is responsible? |
|
Definition
| Comparator is responsible for comparing environmental inputs with expectations. This is done by the hippocampus. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone affects motor system and activates goal-directed approach behaviors? |
|
Definition
|
|
