Term
| When was the first textbook on motivation written? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three aspects of Plato's tripartite? |
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Definition
| Appetitive, Competitive, Calculative |
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Term
| What is "appetitive" aspect of Plato's tripartite responsible for? |
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Definition
| Most primitive level: Bodily appetities and desires, such as hunger and sex |
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Term
| What is "competitive" aspect of Plato's tripartite responsible for? |
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Definition
| socially referenced standards such as honor or shame |
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Term
| What is "calculative" aspect of Plato's tripartite responsible for? |
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Definition
| Highest level: decision making capabilities such as reason and choosing |
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Term
| What were Aristotle's three aspects of motivation? |
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Definition
| nutritive, sensitive, and rational |
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Term
| What did Freud call the three aspects of motivation? |
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Definition
| id (appetitive), superego(competitive), and ego (calculative) |
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Term
| What is "nutritive" aspect of Aristotle's tripartite responsible for? |
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Definition
| impulses and animal-like urges to fulfil bodily urges necessary for the maintenance of life. |
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Term
| What is "sensitive" aspect of Aristotle's tripartite responsible for? |
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Definition
| pleasure and pain of the body |
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Term
| What is "rational" aspect of Aristotle's tripartite responsible for? |
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Definition
| unique to humans, idea-related, intellectual and featured the "will" |
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Term
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Definition
| the soul's highest level, utilizing intention, choice and that which is divine/immortal |
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Term
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Definition
Tripartite evolved into two aspects:
the irrational, impulsive and biological (the body)
and the intelligent, rational and spiritual (the mind) |
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Term
| What was Thomas Aquinas responsible for? |
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Definition
| suggesting that the body provided irrational, pleasure-based, motivational impulses, and the mind provided rational, will-based motivations |
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Term
| What was Rene Descartes responsible for? |
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Definition
Adding to mind-body dualism:
Body as a mechanical, reactive, passive agent responding to the environment through senses, reflexes and physiology.
Mind/will was an active, purposive, spiritual and thinking entity.
Mind as a |
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Term
| What was the grand theory of will based on? |
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Definition
| If "will" is understood, than motivation would be understood. Body was thought secondary to mind. |
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Term
| What were the three acts of "willing"? |
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Definition
| Choosing, Striving, Resisting |
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Term
| Who proposed the idea of "instinct"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the grand theory of instinct based on? |
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Definition
| Motivation left the humanities and entered the sciences. Body became the focus and mind was thought secondary. Instincts expressed themselves through inherited bodily reflexes. |
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Term
| What was William James responsible for? |
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Definition
| 1890: Borrowing from Darwin's theories, he concluded that had physical and mental instincts that became goal-directed behavior in the presence of a certain stimuli. |
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Term
| What are the two types of instinct? |
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Definition
| Physical (sucking, grasping) and Mental (imitation, play, preference) |
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Term
| What is William McDougall responsible for? |
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Definition
| theory that instincts were irrational and impulsive motivational forces that led a person towards a particular goal. |
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Term
| What was the biggest difference between McDougall and James' theories? |
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Definition
| McDougall believed that without instincts human beings would initiate no action. |
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Term
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Definition
| William McDougall's idea of instincts |
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Term
| What is a circular explanation? |
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Definition
| One which tries to explain an observation in terms of itself |
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Term
| What was the grand theory of drive based on? |
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Definition
| When a physiological need was not met, it registered as a psychologically experience called "drive". Drive was then responsible for fulfilling the body's needs. |
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Term
| What was Sigmund Freud responsible for? |
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Definition
| His drive theory stated that a biological deficit caused a drive/anxiety that resulted in a behavior. He believed drive reduction was pleasurable. Motivation was an alarm system to meet bodily needs. |
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Term
| What were the four components of Freud's drive theory? |
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Definition
| Source -> Impetus --> Object --> Aim |
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Term
| What were the three criticisms of Freud's drive theory? |
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Definition
- overestimates biological factors
- data from unrepresentative clinical tests
- non falsifiable (can't be empirically tested) |
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Term
| What was Clark Hull responsible for? |
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Definition
| He added to Freud's theory that a motivation could be predicted before it occurred. It marked the beginning of a scientific study of motivation. He stated that behavior was guided by habit, which came from learning. |
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Term
| What cause of behavior did Hull add in 1952? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Hull's formula stand for? |
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Definition
E= strength of behavior (excitatory potential)
H= habit
D= Drive (internal stimulation)
K= Incentive (external stimulation) |
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Term
| What discoveries were responsible for the end of Drive theory? |
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Definition
- learning occurs without drive reduction
- drive can be created |
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Term
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Definition
| Theories that limit their attention to one specific motivational phenomena. |
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Term
| What four categories do mini-theories address? |
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Definition
- motivational phenomena
- particular circumstances
- groups of people
- theoretical questions |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Nebraska symposium? |
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Definition
| It stopped featuring motivation until 1991, much like the field's lull. |
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Term
| Why didn't mind-body dualism work out? |
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Definition
| too mysterious/philosophical/mind based |
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Term
| What theory was the Grand Theory of instinct based on? |
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Definition
| Darwin's biological determinism |
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Term
| Why didn't the grand theory of instinct work? |
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Definition
- way too many insticts
- circular logic |
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