1). A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down.

1). A complex behavior must have a fixed pattern through oiut a species and be unlearned.

1). A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

1). The underlying assumption that genes predispose species-typical behavior.

1). The idea that a physiological need creates an arousal tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

1). Optimum Arousal - Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it.

1).Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.

1). Nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive.

1). A problem that consistenly impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual problems: premature ejaculation and erectile disorder.

Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders.

1). Sex hormones effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior.

1). The most important of the male sex hormones. It stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Males have small amounts of estrogen.

1). Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males ans contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual recepitivity.

Females have small amounts of testosterone.

1). It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material.

However, women experience similar heightened arousal under controlled conditions.

1). Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire.

People with spinal cord injuries and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire.

1). When individuals reach adolescence, their sexual behavior develops. However, there are cultural differences.

Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much greater than in Arab countries and other Asian countries.

1). Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, and/or either sex.

In Europe and America, based on many national surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women is 1-2%.

As members of a minority, homosexuals often struggle with their sexual orientation.

Homosexuality is more likely based on biological factors like differing brain centers, genetics, and parental hormone exposure rather than environmental factors.

A number of reasons suggest that homosexuality may be due to genetic factors.

1). Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival rates. These bonds led to the following:

1.Protecting against predators, especially for the young.