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Definition
| The idea that physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce states of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension. (i.e., pushes an organism toward a goal) |
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| Represent environmental stimuli that pull an organism toward a goal. |
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| Expectancy x Value Theory |
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Definition
| Proposes that goal-directed behaviour is jointly determined by two factors: the strength of the person's expectation that particular behaviours will lead to a goal, and the value the individual places on that goal. |
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Definition
| Performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment. |
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Definition
| Performing an activity for its own sake, because you find it enjoyable or stimulating. |
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| Overjustification Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that giving people extrinsic rewards to perform activities that they intrinsically enjoy may reduce intrinsic motivation. i.e. once you start to get paid for something you like to do, it turns play into work, or turns intrinsic motivation into extrinsic motivation. It is almost impossible to change it back. You're not going to do something for free if you are used to getting paid for it now will you. For the most part. Not a theory. |
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| Need Hierarchy (Abraham Maslow, 1954) |
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Definition
| A progression of needs containing deficiency needs at the bottom and growth needs at the top. |
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Definition
| Represents the need to fulfill our potential. It is the highest level of Maslow's Need Hierarchy (1954); the ultimate human motive. |
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| Self-Determination Theory |
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Definition
| Focuses on three fundamental psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. |
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Definition
| The body's rate of energy utilization. |
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Definition
| A simple sugar that is the body's, and especially the brain's, major source of immediately usable fuel. |
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Term
| CCK (Cholecystokinin) [Coal-ee-sis-toe-kin-in] |
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Definition
| Released into the bloodstream by the small intestine as food arrives from the stomach. It travels to the brain and stimulates receptors that decrease eating - a signal that the body is full. It is a peptide hormone. "Pills that make you not hungry." |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that decreases appetite. It does not make you feel full, like CCK. Instead, it increases the potency of other satiety hormones like CCK. The more fat in you, the more leptin is created. This is why you get hungry when losing weight, low fat=low leptin. |
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Term
| Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) |
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Definition
| A cluster of neurons packed with receptor sites for various transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physiological response to sexual stimulation that involves stages of Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution |
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Definition
| The decrease in value of a future incentive as a function of its distance in time |
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Definition
| The process of making judgements about situations, personal capabilities, likely consequences, and the personal meaning of consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone else's emotional displays can evoke similar emotional responses in you. |
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Term
| Fundamental Emotional Patterns |
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Definition
| Basic emotional response patterns that are believed to be innate. |
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Definition
| The norms for emotional expression within a given culture |
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Definition
| Emotional coping behaviours that are directed at achieving the goal or performing the task that is relevant to the emotion. |
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| Somatic Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| The idea that the body informs the mind; our physiological reactions determine our emotions. Inspired by the James-Lange 1890 theory. Example: We know we are afraid because our bodily reactions tell us so. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed that when we encounter an emotion-arousing situation, the thalamus simultaneously sends sensory messages to the cerebral cortex (we experience emotion) and to the body's internal organs (we feel the physiological arousal). Neither one causes the other, they happen at the same time. |
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Term
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The notion that somatic feedback from the facial muscles provides feedback to the brain and influences emotional experience. Example: You smile and your brain thinks your happy so you experience the emotion of happiness. |
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Term
| Two-Factor Theory of Emotion (aka Schachter-Singer's theory of emotion) |
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Definition
States that arousal and cognitive labelling based on situational cues are the critical ingredients in emotion experience.
-In other words-
Schachter's theory that the intensity of physiological arousal determines perceived intensity of emotion, whereas the appraisal (i.e. assessment) of environmental cues tells us which emotion we are experiencing. |
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