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| Those influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior. |
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| A reason or purpose for behavior. One motive can often account for many behaviors. |
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| Automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behavior patterns that are consistently displayed in the presence of specific stimuli. |
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| Proposes that human behavior is caused by instincts. |
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| States that biological needs, which are created by imbalances in homeostasis, produce drives. |
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| A psychological state of arousal that compels us to take action to restore our homeostatic balance. When balance is restored, the drive is reduced. Examples are primary and secondary drives. |
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| A biological requirement for well-being. |
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| The tendency of an organism to maintain its physiological systems at a stable, steady level, or equilibrium, by constantly adjusting to changes in internal or external stimuli. |
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| A general internal level of activation reflected in the state of several physiological systems. |
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| States that people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain an optimal level of arousal. The level of arousal considered optimal varies from person to person. |
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| States that human behavior is goal-directed; we act to obtain positive stimuli and avoid negative stimuli. Positive stimuli or incentives vary from person to person and can change over time. |
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| The state of no longer wanting to eat. It is triggered by the brain recognizing nutrients and hormones in the bloodstream. |
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| Male hormones. Androgens are found in both males and females and play a role in sexual motivation. Testosterone is the principal androgen. |
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| Conditions in which a person's ability or desire to have sex is diminished or gone. The most common sexual dysfunctions in men and women are, respectively, the erectile disorder and arousal disorder. |
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| Reflected in the degree to which people establish specific goals, care about meeting those goals with competence, and experience feelings of satisfaction in doing so. People with a high need for achievement prefer honest, even if harsh, criticism from a competent critic over unconstructive but pleasant comments. The development of this need is affected by parents, culture, and school experiences. |
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| REfers to a combination of a cognitive judgement of satisfaction with life, the frequent experiencing of positive moods and emotions, and the relatively infrequent experiencing of unpleasant moods and emotions. |
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| Either a positive or negative experience that is felt with some intensity as happening to the self, is generated in part by a cognitive appraisal of situations, and is accompanied by both learned and innate phsical responses. |
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| A subdivison of the autonomic nervous system, prepares the body for vigorous activity, such as the fight-or-flight syndrome. |
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| A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, is involved in activities relating to the growth and nourishment of the body. |
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| A series of physiological changes in activity, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for combat or escape from threatening situations. |
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| The process of identifying the cause of an event throyugh cognitive appraisal. |
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| Occurs when arousal from one experience carries over to a different situation. People stay aroused longer than they think they do. If people have been aroused and then encounter a new situation, they may interpret their arousal as an emotional reaction to the new situation. |
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