Our behavior is motivated by biological needs

Cannot explain all our motivations. Sometimes, we are motivated to perform behaviors that do not seem connected with any need or drive, primary or secondary

• Ex) you wake up late and skip breakfast, your body has a need for food that is not satisfied. This need creates a drive, hunger, and this drive causes you to get food from vending machines in order to satisfy needs

requirement for survival like

food, water, or shelter

our impulse to act in a way that satisfies this need

• Primary Drives: biological needs, like thirst
• Secondary Drives: learned drives like money

We seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal

• Can be measured by different physiological tests
• An easy task goes with a high arousal
• A complicated task goes with a low level of arousal

Stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning

Sometimes, behavior is not pushed by a need, it is pulled by a desire

We learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment, and we are motivated to seek the rewards

• Ex) you may learn that studying with friends if fun but does not produce the desired results around test time, so you are motivated to study alone to get the reward of a good test score.

Pointed out that not all needs are created equal.

• We will act to satisfy biological needs like sruvival and safety. Then we will act to satisfy our emotional needs like love and self-esteem

Why do we become hungry? Our bodies need food!

Some people eat even when their body has enough food and some people do not eat when their body needs it

Hunger can involve several biologica, psychological, and social factors

We report feeling hungry when our stomach is empty and contracts and full when our stomach feels full

The hypothalamus plays a major role in the basis of hunger

monitors and helps to control body chemistry and makes us feel hungry when we need to eat.

If it functions properly, it sends signals when to eat and stop eating at appropriate times

When stimulated causes the animal to eat

• Destruction of this area destroys hunger, and the animal will starve to death unless forced to eat

causes the animal to stop eating when it is stimulated

• If this area is destroyed, the animal will eat and gain more and more weight unless it is deprived of food

how the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight

• When we drop below taht weight, the hypothalamus tells us we should eat and lowers our metabolic rate

Our drive to eat appears to be governed strictly by our physiology

Everyone respons to both types of cues but to greater or lesser extents. These and other factors in eating might be learned.

The culture and background affect our food preferences. The foods we are raised with are most likely the foods we find most appetiziing

Can frastically affect what foods make us hungry.

This is caused by the and occurs whenever nausea is paired with either food or drink.

Ex) If you eat hot dogs and then happen to get nauseous, hot dogs will probably be unappetizing to you even if you know the hot dogs did not cause your sickness.

Bulimia- eat large amounts of food and then throw up, majority are women

Anorexia nervosa- starve themselves, most are women

Obesity- Severely overweight and the weight threatenes their helath. Unhealthy eating habits rather than food obsessions. Some people be genetically predisposed to obesity.

Different cultures have different rates of eating disorders, which places emphasis on body weight. The United States for example

Initial excitment: heart rate + respiration increase. erected genitials

Plateau phase: respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level

Orgasm: genital contractions that help conception, respiration and heart rate increases. ejaculation- pleasurable euphoria.

Resolution phase: respiration and heart rate return to normal resting states

The desire is not strictly by hormones. It is more psychological than biological.

the desire can be present when sex is lost.

• Accident victims still have desires

Erotic material can inspire sexual feelings and physiological responses in men and women, such as elevated levels of hormones

Theory that tries to explain the motivations behind these more complex behaviors

• examines our desires to master complex tasks and knowledge and to reach personal goals
• Some people are motivarted to challenge themselves, thus setting the "bar" a little higher and seek new challenges

Rewards that we get fro accomplishments from outside ourselves (salary, grades)

• are very effective fro a short period of time
• Knowing what type of motivation and indiviual respons best give managers and other leaders into what strategies are most effective

rewards we get internally such as enjoyment or satisfaction

• If we want an advantageous behavior to continue, this motivation is most effective
• Knowing what type of motivation and indiviual respons best give managers and other leaders into what strategies are most effective

Research on managing or leadership

• Theory X: managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
• Theory Y: managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive

Managers most likely want to promote intrinsic motivation in employees, afterall, who wants to give away benefits?

Sometimes you find yourself conflicted about what choice to make.

• Approach-approach conflict: must choose between 2 goods.
• Avoidance-avoidance conflict: Must choose between 2 ugly, bad outcomes
• Approach-avoidance conflict: when one goal as good and bad
• Multiple approach avoidance conflicts: choose between 2 or 3 things, each having both desirable and undesirable

but choose between 2 desirable outcome

• Ex) For Spring Break your friend invites you to spend the week in Puerto Rico and another asks you to go to San Francisco
• Both are appealing but can only choose one

must choose between two unattractive outcomes

• Ex) Your parents gave u a choice between staying home and cleaning garage or going on a boring family trip

• What would you choose?

when one event or goal has both good and bad

• Ex) If you are lactose-intolerant, an ice cream would be both: the taste is delicious! but its effect on your condition isnt!

Choosing between two or more things, that as both desirable and undesirable

• Similar to approach-avoidance but has more than 2 things

Emotion is related to motivation

• Emotion influences motivation, and motivation influences emotion.

theorized that we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress

• Ex) When the big bad wolf jumps out of the woods, Little Red Riding Hood's heart races, and this physiological change occurs her to feel afraid

Pyshiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states

• Ex) When Little Red Riding Hood's heart races, how does she know if she feels afraif, in love, embarrassed, or merely joyful?
• Canon thought the thalamus is responsible for both biological and chagne and the cognitive awareness of emotions
• Thalamus recieves info. on information our environment and sends signals simultaneously to our cortex and automatic nervous system

Do we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress or psyhiological changes that correspond with drastically different emotional states?

• Cannon O.D. on the role of the thalamus
• But the Amygdala are involved

Stanley Schacter

• Emotion depends on the interaction between two factors, biology and cognition
• both our physical responses and our cognitive labels combine to cause any particular emotional response
• Showed that people who are already physiologically aroused w/ experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli 
• Ex) if ur heart rate is high after a jog, u will be more scared by a suprise than a suprise in normal state

Stress and emotion are connected concepts

• It is studied to help us w/ problems caused by stress
• Stressors: certain life events
• Stress reaction: How we react to these changed in teh environment

Psychologists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe designed one of the first instrument to measure stress.

• Uses SRRS and LCUs

SRRS: social readjustment rating scale measured stress using life-change unites (LCUs)

• A person taking teh SRRS resported changes in their life, such as selling a home or changing jobs
• Any major life change increases the score on the SRRS
• People w/ high SRRS is more likely to have stress-related diseases than a person w/ low score.

Han Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes the general response animals have to a stressful event

Our response pattern to many different physical and emotional stresses is very consistent

• Alarm reaction
• Resistance
• Exhaustion

Stress can contribute both physical diseases and emotional difficulties

We can be vulnerable to diseases due to exhaustion

Alarm Reaction

(GAS)

Resistance

(GAS)

The body remains physiologically ready ( high hear rate)

Hormones are released to maintain this state of readiness

If the resistance stage lasts too long, the body can deplete its resources

Exhaustion

(GAS)

The parasympathetic nervous system returns our physioloical state to normal.

We can be more vulnerable to disease in this stage especially if our resources were depleted by an extended resistance stage.