Term
Describe Respiratoy System |
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Definition
Upper Resp System: Nose and Nasal Cavity
Pharynx (throat)
Lower Resp. System: Larynx - Vocie Box
Trachea - Wind Pipe
Bronchi - Airway
Lungs |
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Term
| Minute Respiratory Volume |
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Definition
| If rate = 12 breaths per minute & Tidal Volume = 500 ml per minute then Respiratory Minute Volume =6000 ml per min or 6l per min. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a/k/a respirometer. device used for measuring volumes and capacities |
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Term
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Definition
| record of measuring capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure inside the respiratory tract at the Alveoli |
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Term
| Inspiration ( Inhalation) |
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Definition
| Movement of air into the repiratory system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| Air inhaled in addition to tidal volume, provides more inhaled air when active |
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Term
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Definition
| *150 ml remains in conducting airways above alveoli *Air does not participate in gas exchange *mixture of fresh inhaled air and air to be exhaled. |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
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Definition
| Air exhaled in addition to tidal volume |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one respiratory cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of air that cannot be exhaled. (Lungs must remain inflated) |
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Term
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Definition
| *As size of container increases pressure inside decreases *As the size of container decreases, pressure inside is increased |
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Term
| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) |
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Definition
*Innervates diaphram and external intercostal muscles.
*Neurons control basic rhythm of resting ventilation.
*Inspiration for 2 seconds Expiration for 3 seconds |
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Term
| Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) |
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Definition
Inactive during most quiet breathing most active during forced ventilation.
*Innervatges more muscles used in forced ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in prolonged inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of air you move in or out of your lungs during a single respiraiton cycle. |
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Term
| What are respiratory chemoreceptors? |
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Definition
| Cranial Nerves IX & X and receptors that monitor spinal fluid. Located in the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongota |
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Term
| How does levels of CO2 affect rate of breathing? |
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Definition
increased CO2 excites chemoreceptors in carotid arteries, aorta, medulla then breathing rate increases.
**has greatest chemical effect on breathing rate** |
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Term
| How does pH levels effect rate of breathing? |
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Definition
| decreased pH stimulates chemoreceptors causing increase in breathing rate |
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Term
| How does O2 levels affect rate of breathing? |
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Definition
| Dramatic decrease in O2 such as high altitude stimulate chemorecptors causing increased breathing rate |
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Term
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Definition
*maintains proper posture and movement. *moement stimulates these receptors
*Causes rapid increase in breathing rate with increased activity |
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Term
| What are Stretch receptors in lungs? |
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Definition
* Inflation reflex
*deflation reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| - Inhibits inhalation - prevents over - inflation (Hering-Bruer reflex) |
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Term
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Definition
| - inhibits exhalation and starts inhalation. -only active during forced (active) ventilaiton |
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Term
| How do protective reflexes work |
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Definition
| Sneezing - dispells irritants in nasal cavity Coughing - irritants in larynx or bronchi Laryngeal spasms - invasion of foreign object - closes airway temporarily to protect airway |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 from air to blood CO2 from blood to air |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange in lung diffusion of O2 from alveolar to blood diffusion of CO2 from blood to alveolar. Across thin respiratory membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas Exchange in Tissues Diffusion of O2 from blood into tissues Diffusion of CO2 from tissue into blood |
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Term
| Which way does O2 and CO2 diffuse in the lung. |
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Definition
| O2 diffuses from lungs to Blood CO2 diffuses from tissue to Blood |
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Term
| Which way does O2 and CO2 diffuse in Tissue |
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Definition
| O2 into tissue CO2 away from tissue |
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Term
| What membrane does O2 and CO2 diffuse across in the lungs?` |
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Definition
| Alveolus - lung capillaries |
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Term
| Why do O2 and CO2 diffuse in these directions? |
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Definition
| One is a transport (way O2 is carried) One is and exchange (movement in lungs) |
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Term
| Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) |
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Definition
| A formed vital capacity test with a spirometer |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhalation Active - contraction of diaphram and external intercostals, muscle expands chest and Lungs and decreases intrapulomnary pressure. Exhalation is passive - relaxation of diaphram and intercostal muscles, decrease chest volume followed by elastic recoil of lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| One measure of quantity of air. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sum of 2 or more volumes. Total Volume of Lungs. Averages: 6000 ml in male 4200 ml in female Averages: 6000ml in males |
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Term
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Definition
| Must be larger in chest and lung volumes resulting in larger changes in intrapulmonary pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits apneustic center -causes passive and active exhalation -helps to prevent over inflamation of lungs. |
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Term
| What are the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| Dorsal Respiration Group Ventral Respiration Group |
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Term
| What units are used to measure O2 and CO2 concentrations |
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Definition
| measure in percentages and partial pressures |
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Term
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure |
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Definition
| In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the addition (sum) of theindividual gas pressure. Individual pressures are partial pressures |
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Term
| What are the PO2 and PCO2 of Atmospheric air? |
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Definition
| PO2 = 159 mmHg PCO2 = 0.3 mmHg |
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Term
| What are PCO2 and PO2 of alveolar air? |
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Definition
| PO2 = 100 mmHg PCO2 = 40 mmHg |
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Term
| What are the percentages of PO2 & PC/O2 in Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood |
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Definition
| PO2 normal range - 80 - 100 mmHg PCO2 normal range - 40-45 mmHg |
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Term
| How does Henry's law relate to gas exchange? |
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Definition
| Example: Soda Soda is p;ut in can under pressure the gas CO2 is in solution. When can opened pressure decreases and gas molecules come out of solutionl - will continue until equilibrium is established. |
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Term
| Henry's law in regards to high altitude. |
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Definition
| decreased O2, decreases alveolar pressure and decreases blood flow. |
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Term
| How does Henry's law relate to hyperbaric oxygenation? |
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Definition
| Ex: Divers "Bends" Put in a chamber where increased pressure in order to increase the amount of O2 above atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
The amount of gas that willo dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and the solubility of the gas in liquid.
*More O2 in air = results in more O2 in blood. |
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Term
| What is the abbreviation for oxyhemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the abbreviation for deoxyhemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Oxygen Transport |
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Definition
Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in lungs and delivers it to tissue.
*Becomes oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) when picks up O2 in lungs.
*Becomes deoxyhemoglobin when O2 delivered to tissue |
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Term
| Give 3 factors that favor loading and unloading |
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Definition
1. Lower pH of tissue capillaries favors unloading. Higher pH in Lungs favor loading.
2. Temperature - increased Temperature in tissues = unloading. Decreased temperature in lungs = loading
3. Decreased PO2 in tissues = unloading. Increased PO2 in Lungs = Loading |
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Term
| Where does loading and unloading occur? |
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Definition
| Loading = Lungs Unloading = Tissues |
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Term
| Describe Loading and Unloading of O2 |
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Definition
| Higher PO2 in lungs favors loading. Lower PO2 in tissue favors unloading |
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Term
| What part of hemoglobin binds oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Carbon Monoxide Poisoning? |
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Definition
| Carbon Monoxide competes with O2 molecules for binding sites on heme units. The bond with heme and CO extremely durable - so attachment makes heme unit inactive for respiratory purposes. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is carbon monoxide transported in blood |
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Definition
1. 7% dissolves in plasma
2. 23% becomes HbCO2 (carbonminohemoglobin) 3. 70% converted to bicarbonate |
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Term
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Definition
| Bicarbonate moves into plasma and is replaced by chloride ions |
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Term
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Definition
| person has stopped breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid breathing causes an excessive loss of CO2 resulting in dizziness |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty in Breathing (hard to catch breath) |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty breathing while lying down. May be caused by respiratory or heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of Lung Tissue (fluid Accumulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Melignancies of the lung airways or lung tissues |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD |
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Definition
| Emphysema - enlarged alveoli and loss of lung elasticity Chronic broncitis - caused by inflammation of Bronchi and obstruction of air flow |
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Term
| Resting ventilations is called |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one normal breath |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lung has only two secondary bronchi |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the appropriate precenct of CO2 carried by hemoglobin as Carbaminohemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| Which chemical has the most effect on the respiratory rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What substance in the lining of the Alveoli keeps the alveoli from collapsing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the correct % of CO2 that dissolves in the plasma of the tisuue capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tidal Volume + inspiratory reserve volume +expiratory reserve volume = |
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Definition
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Term
| Anatomical dead space of are is? |
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Definition
| Air that does not participate in gas exchange |
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Term
| What would be an appropriate PO2 for arterial (oxygentated) blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are main factors of unloading O2 in the tissues? |
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Definition
| Low tissue PO2, higher temperature and lower pH |
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