Term
Framework of funeral practices
Virginia Colony |
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Definition
-founded 1607 at Jamestown
-commerical venture |
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Term
| Framework of Funeral Practice |
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Definition
no conflict of the Church of England
-church and state was integrated
Ecclesiastical law
-based on church tradition |
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Term
Framework of Funeral pracrices
Massachusetts Bay Colony |
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Definition
-Pilgrams founded it at Plymouth in 1620
-founded the religious reasons
--rejected the Church of England
--were prosecuted in their own country
-originally didnt say prayers over the dead
--eventually held funerals at church and had prayers at the grave side
-rejected ecclesiastical law in favor of common law |
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Term
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Definition
-burial was in a church grave yard (similar to England)
-Church control found in England was never present in America
-colonia America basically rejects ecclesiastical law in 1607
-right to protestantism
--(protestant movement)
work hard or suffer the consquences of death and hell
--hardship was normal |
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Term
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Definition
-Doctorine of Predestination
--God has a plan for everything
--Destiny
---some are saved by Grace; some condemned to hell
---God has choosen prior to life lived if you are one saved by Grace
-Reformist religious beliefs that came into vogue in Colonial America |
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Term
| Colonial Burial Practices |
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Definition
-death was natural, and inevitable
-epitaphs were very descriptive and told stories
-skull and crossbones were popular on grave stones
-body treated with dignity/funeral was dignified event
-Epidemics was feared in small villages
-placed candles on a hearse
-funerals held at churches and prayers at grave site
-newspapers and funeral pamphlets were printed and described the mode of deaths (pamphelets were decorated with skulls) |
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Term
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Definition
-rural areas no gravedigger were present
-neighbors provided supplies to dig graves
-Colonial Sextons would toll the bell and dig the grave
--unlike England the Sexton was not a member of the clergy but charged a fee for service
-if service was at church , body proceeded to grave for final prayer and closing of the grave
-simplistic services were the norm |
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Term
Virginia and New York
Burials |
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Definition
-3 to 4 days after death
-extensive ceremony
-funeral held at best room or parlor of the deceased home
-pall covered caskets and bier were carried from home to cemetery by 12 pallbearers
-monkey spoons and funeral gloves were common gifts
-ceremonies were over seen by licensed AANSPREECKER
-important social events
-food, drink, tobacco |
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Term
Social change in lat colonial periods
American Revolution |
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Definition
-caused hardship in importing many funeral related items
-embargo acts
-gifts given reduced as it was higher to get the gifts
-sumptary laws re-enacted |
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Term
social changes inlate colonial period
Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
-caused mass urbanization
-creation of industrail centers
-new economic classes created
-breakdown of Puritan and religious controls |
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Term
| Revolutionary War and Industrial Revolution changed face of the nation |
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Definition
-changed way of burial
-gift giving ended
-sumptuary laws effective |
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Term
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Definition
-many people from diverse oocupations (cabinet makers, tailors, upholsterers) started offering funeral merchandise and /or services
-more money became available to the general population
-coffin burial became the norm
-many undertaker originated as cabinet makers from their sideline business and entered other areas of the business |
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Term
| providers of personal services |
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Definition
-midwives
-nurses
-layer of the dead (often in larger cities)
-mostly women soon they were pushed out by men |
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Term
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Definition
-performed undertaking as a business
-rented out equipment and/or services to other undertakers
-also taught the field to others to enter the field
-original outsource venture in undertaking |
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Term
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Definition
-church caretaker (sexton) was involved with burial
-expanded their role and started offering their services
-tolling of bell, grave digging, lay out the body, attending the family, directing the procession and furnishing other undertakers with equipment and supplies all for a profit |
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Term
| sexton-undertaker had a monopoly on church yard burial |
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Definition
| William Ensign took this issue to court |
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Term
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Definition
Appointed people to the tasks of mortuary affairs
-inviter of funerals
-appointed as coroner due to close work with the dead-
-town health official
-town undertaker |
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Term
| Burial of the dead was an early concern of the municipality |
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Definition
-health issues of poor burial conditions known
-funeral directors were often appointed to various positions within the municipality |
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Term
| specific undertaking procedures from death to burial |
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Definition
-laying out of the dead
-coffining
-transports of body to the grave
-furnishing equipment and parahernalia of mourning (clothing,emblems,remembrances)
-everything for a funeral except religious issues were covered by the newly named Funeral undertaker
-clergy was still important to provide the service and spiritual comfort to the families |
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Term
| impact of Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
-increased economic prosperity allowing GOOD funerals including coffins
-social stratification occured (creation of class)
-urbanization had an effect on mortuary process
-loss of craftmanship took place as people worked on assembly lines doin one job all day
-families used outside sources instead of theirselves to handle the funeral |
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Term
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Definition
| a commemorative inscription on a tomb or cemetery maker |
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Term
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Definition
| today vehicle used to transport the deceased |
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Term
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Definition
a specialy connected with funerals in colonial america
called personally upon those expected to attend funerals
often a municipal appointment |
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Term
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Definition
predecessor to the undertaker
became an occupational speciality in many larger US CITIES by the end of the 18th century |
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Term
| 17th and 18th century coffin Burial in America |
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Definition
-came to america from england brought many skilled craftsmen
-sickness and decomposition prevented shipping of coffins to these rural areas
-as settlements were established craftsman and supplies were available
-coffin burial became more common and people had the money to purchase coffins |
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Term
| Early coffin material used in America |
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Definition
-wood (colonial coffins)
-different types of wood revealed how much money you had
-polished and stained wood were more expensive
-painted pine coffin for the lower class
-octagon shape(anthropoid)
-undertakers shared supplies because all undertakers didn't have carpentry skills
- |
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Term
| early coffin shops and warehouses |
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Definition
-full time coffin makers emerged
-after war 1812 and westward expansion fueled by the railroad
--coffin shops/warehouse emerged
--allow for families to select an appropriate burial receptacle
--casket became one of the central parts of the funeral |
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Term
| Variation of Function and type of coffin |
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Definition
new materials were used
-iron, lead, glass, stone
-hermetically sealed to be air tight
-preservative gases or fluids were injected into the coffin
-interiors and fabrics were improved
- a move from the gloomy old style coffin to beautiful works of art was made |
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Term
| improvements and the Fisk Metallic Coffin/Burial Case |
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Definition
-patented in 1848 by Almond D. Fisk
-created an air tight metal coffin
-anthropoidal shape of coffin reduced its weight
-early models resembled a mummy case
-orginally made from cast iron later made out of sheet metal to reduce weight
-franchised the coffin to be manufactured by others
-early models had limited quantities
-later model mass produced resulting in lower cost
-mass production of metallic burial cases replaced craftsman and wood coffins by later half of the 19th century |
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Term
| claims of the Metallic Coffin Manufacturers |
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Definition
-claimed that the body would be preserved for months on end and possibly years
-protection against water seepage
-peotection against vermin
-provided a safeguard against disease
-ability to remove the coffin and body if reburial was necesary(which happened quite often) |
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Term
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Definition
-mid 1800's the metallic burial case gave way to the modern caskets
-grave robbing became less problematic
-companies wanted to make the grim reality of death softer(the reason led to creation of the casket) |
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Term
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Definition
-improve the presentation of the deceased as opposed to simply providing a body enclosure
-ogee designed removed the extra space of the typical burial case-improved the look
-focus on casket was to beautify the casket not simply to be functional |
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Term
| cloth covered burial cases/caskets |
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Definition
-starting about 1850
-made for cheaper metal reinforced wood products
-mass produced
-covered with cloth
-Samuel Stein and the Stein Patent Burial Casket
-light, durable and inexpensive
-competed with metallic cases
-style "E" state casket
-they were put on display at coffin shops and in mortuaries |
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Term
| Stein Patent Burial Casket |
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Definition
-patent in 1872 by Samuel Stein
-casket was light, durable and inexpensive
-competed with traditional metallic burial cases
-widespread distribution in coffin shops and mortuaries
-The Stein "style E" state casket was selected for the funeral of the president U.S. Grant |
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Term
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Definition
-a fear of being buried alive required innovation
-caskets with signals were introduced
-most were not marketed or did not sell well |
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Term
| live signals devices consist of |
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Definition
-wires, springs and levers that when moved would open the lid
-a string and tube-string attached to hand of deceased passing up a tube and attached to a bell
-similar idea that when string pull tube would open allowing air into the casket and electric alarm would sound
-flags may go up and wave if the person moved
-other devices were created |
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Term
| Burial Vaults and Outside Boxes |
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Definition
-offers protection from outside elements and against grave robbers
-have been used for thousands of years in some form or another
-early attempts in America included log, wood, planks, stones, rock, and bricks
-later concrete slabs were used sealed together with mortar and called SECTONALS |
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Term
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Definition
created a modern type vault
-cover and bottom (air sealed or air dome) |
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Term
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Definition
-1900-1920 brought about much innovation in burial vaults
-concrete vaults became popular
-small scale manufacturers (local) were common
-metallic vaults developed metal sheets could be sealed together
-some designs were more of a top-seal vault
-one design wass the end sealer(hinged end door) |
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Term
| Burial vaults were used to |
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Definition
-protect against grave robbers
-water entering the coffin/casket
-prevent vermin
-protect the coffin/casket |
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Term
| wood vaults were used most |
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Definition
| just after the introduction and dominationof concrete vaults |
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Term
| several large scale manufactures evolved |
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Definition
-Crane and Breed
-Samuel Stein
-others they did not sell the majority of coffin/caskets |
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Term
| vaults came about to------ of coffins and the deceased from decomposition and grave robbers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| generic term used in america to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of the coffin were being offered |
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Term
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Definition
outer enclosure for caskets placed in the grave
intended to prevent grave robbery |
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Term
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Definition
| french term "casse" meaning"jewel box" or container for something valuable |
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Term
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Definition
patented in 1848 as form-fitting, air tight metallic coffin designed to improve the ability to preserve the body
glass plate for viewing of the face |
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Term
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Definition
| innovation introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and weight particularly of metal caskets "S" shaped curvature |
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Term
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Definition
| cloth covered coffin designed for PRESIDENT US GRANT by stein coffin co in 1885 helped elevate acceptance of cloth covered caskets |
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Term
| the pattern of Late 19th century funerals |
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Definition
urban vs. rural or frontier
industrialized vs. agrarian
differences in customs, laws,religions |
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Term
death at home in urban areas
(in home) |
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Definition
-rarely was funeral outside home
-funeral parlors were usually used by families who didnt have homes |
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Term
death at home in urban areas
(outside home) |
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Definition
-families didnt want the body in their home
-undertakers wanted to use their expanded facilities
-custom mandated that funerals be held in home so changing wasnt easy |
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Term
death at home in urban areas
body prep |
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Definition
-if funeral was delayed some type of preservation was nec.
-ice and chemical embalming were the choices
-some able to talk families into transferring the body into the embalming room of the funeral parlor
-chemical embalming not accepted because of religious reasons or fear of mutilation of the body |
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Term
death at home in urban areas
if embalming was permitted by family |
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Definition
-undertaker would take cooling board and embalming cabinet that includes instruments, chemicals, sundry, items and empty bottles
-embalming wouold take place in kitchen or bedroom of home
-blood put in bottles and removed
-wash and dress body in best clothing
-lay body on bed or couch
-casket done prior to funeral |
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Term
| death at home in rural areas |
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Definition
-funeral directors not available
-family, other relatives, and friends did the final disposition and funeral arrangements
- |
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Term
death at home in rural areas
body prep |
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Definition
-body washed and dressed
-body laid out by family and friend
-moved from bedroom to parlor for visitation
-if undertaker was available ice of chemical embalming took place
-no preservation was done
-they shared the responsibities to bury the body |
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Term
| both RURAL and URBAN deaths required other arrangements |
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Definition
-death cert. had to be filed
-physicians had to provide the time and cause to township office
-cemetary arrangements
-door badges had to be placed at the door
-flowers and items secured
-undetakers would take care of these things for the family |
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Term
| increased use of embalming |
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Definition
-family members would watch
-embalming was not routinely performed
-funerals could be longer
-restorative art was developed
-pleasant "memory picture" possible |
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Term
Urban funeral arrangement
first call |
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Definition
-list of people to be notified
-info for obituary
-identified who would speak at funeral
-outlined songs and details
assured families that everybody would be notified |
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Term
urban funeral arrangements
second visit to home |
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Definition
| help family pick out casket |
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Term
urban funeral arrangements
picking caskets |
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Definition
-metallic
-cloth covered wood
-glass and medal
-glass and wood
-wood in different species |
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Term
urban funeral arrangements
casket delivery problems |
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Definition
-picking from the catalog usually was an out of stock item
-chemical embalming allowed a delay to accommodate this issue |
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Term
| rural funeral arrangements |
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Definition
-usually made by friends and family
-casket selection was limited
-purchase a ready made casket from a furniture store
-employ local cabinet maker |
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Term
rural undertaker involvement
funerals almost always held in home
late 1800's early 1900's |
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Definition
-help place body in coffin or casket
-arranged detail for clergy to play the major role
-sent out invitations to the funeral
-newspaper obituary |
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Term
| urban undertaker involvement |
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Definition
arrived at home at least 1 hour before service
-director of activities
-assistant would deliver and set up chairs
-directed people to their seats
-fraternal services requested undertaker handle it
-worked with clergy for smooth service
-funerals included songs, prayers, bible reading, eulogy,sermon prayers |
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Term
urban undertaker involvement
after service |
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Definition
| -gathered pallbears and assisted in placing the body in the hearse |
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Term
urban undertaker involvement
procedures at the cemetary |
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Definition
-cemetery personnel would take over after service
-lowered the casket into grave with casket strips
-closed the grave
-cemetery activities arranged through sexton or caretaker |
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Term
| late 19th century mourning symbols |
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Definition
-expressed gloom and formality of feudal funerals of the middle ages
-draperies were placed in the room where body was
-veils were draped over door ways
-black clothing was made for the beraved |
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Term
late 19th century mourning symbols
widows |
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Definition
-wore special black garments with white linen accents and black shoes and hats etc.
-wore them for a year
-different clothing wore depending on the nature of the loss
-older women wore it for the rest of their lives |
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Term
late 19th century mourning symbols
mourning periods |
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Definition
-deep mourning during the first 6 months
-prohibited participation in social events |
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Term
late 19th century mourning symbols
mourning stationary |
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Definition
-widows used white or gray with a black border for letters
-1/4 inch wide border 1st year
-1/8 inch for the next 6 months
-1/16 inch for the reminder of the second year
-calling cards were edgerd in black
-postcards are prohibited |
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Term
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Definition
-funeral sashes
-linen scarves
-gloves
-ribbons and badges identifying memebership in societies and fraternal organization |
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Term
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Definition
-gloomy
-church bells for the sex and age
-favorite hymns of the deceased were sung and played
-dirges played in the organ
-brass band played death march |
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Term
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Definition
-coffins gave way to beautiful caskets
-colors
-flowers gave way instead of the drapes |
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Term
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Definition
-monuments became an object of beauty
-old slab grave stones went out of fashion
-elegantly-carved memorials
-epitaphs became less harsh and emphasized the religious and pleasant connotations of death
-memorialization through verse on monuments and funeral notices became popular |
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Term
| funeral directing evolved out of 3 needs |
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Definition
1. embalming by chemical injection grew in popularity and required special knowledge and equipment
2. urbanization and crowding created small living units and created the need for a place to conduct funerals and visitations
3. a need for better transportation of the dead and survivors to places of worship and cemeteries |
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Term
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Definition
| -merchandise and funeral-related items for funerals |
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Term
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Definition
| grew out of the unification of the chapel(place of worship), clinic(preparation room) and viewing room of the home (visitation room) |
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Term
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Definition
AD1861-present
-funerary purposes
-public transportation
-public health |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of embalming knowledge from europe to the US was virtually complete |
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Term
| in the modern period most preservation of bodies |
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Definition
| was for brief periods of time and provided by ice refrigeration when available |
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Term
modern period
civil war time |
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Definition
| at the beginning of the civil war there were no provisions for return of the dead soldiers to their homes |
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Term
modern period civil war
battlefield embalming |
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Definition
| was primitive by todays standards and usually consisted of arterial embalming only with no drainage or cavity treatment. other more primitive methods were employed when arterial embalming was not possible |
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Term
| the first notable embalming during the civil war was that of a |
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Definition
| Colonel Ellsworth by Dr. Thomas Holmes |
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Term
| Colonel Ellsworth's embalming and viewable appearance set the stage for |
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Definition
| other prominent civil war funerals culminating with the historic funeral for president Lincoln |
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Term
| he oigin of the national cemetery system |
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Definition
| began at this time with orders relative to the burial and identification of fallen soldiers |
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Term
| embalming surgeons of the civil war |
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Definition
-dr. thomas holmes
-william j. bunnell
-charles dacosta brown, joseph b. alexander, henry p. cattell
-frank a hutton
-daniel h. prunk
-dr. richard burr
-c.b. chamberlain
-g.w. scollay
-benjamin f. lyford
-dr. e.c. lewis, w.p. cornelius, prince greer |
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Term
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Definition
-father of embalming of US
-patented many inventions related to embalming
-embalmed over 4000 during CW
-Colonel Ellsworth first prominent client brought fame
-opened an embalming office in Washington D.C at outbreak of CW
-practiced medicine and was a coroner's physician in New York City in the 1850's |
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Term
william bunnell
(1823-1891) |
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Definition
-employed as an anatomy technician for new york medical school
-learned embalming for brother in law Dr. Thomas Holmes
-started embalming surgeons organization during civil war
-opened an undrtaker establishment after the war in jersey city, new jersey
-was a marshall at the funeral of president GRANT
--became prominent in undertaker associations |
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Term
-charles da costa
-joseph b. alexander
-henry p. cattell |
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Definition
-principles in the firm BROWN and Aledxander
-embalming surgeons in washington d.c during the civil war
-embalmed president lincoln's son willie
-embalmed president lincoln 1865 |
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Term
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Definition
-pharmacist
-discharged from military 1862
-partner of Chamberlain and Hutton surgeons
-formed Hutton and Co. in Washington D.C 1863
-arrested in 1863 for over charging for shipping of bodies
-issued a patent for an embalming fluid on June 1,1863 |
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Term
Dr. Daniel H. Prunk
(1829-1923) |
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Definition
-practiced medicine in indianapolis
-joined northern army in 1861
-provided embalming services establishments in Tennessee, Georgia, alabama
-licensed by the army in 1865 to practice embalming and undertaking
-made a written statement regarding the necessity of cavity treatment for corpses, circa 1872 |
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Term
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Definition
-achieved immortality as the embalmer photographed by civil war photographer Matthew Brady while embalming the body of a soldier
-responsible for all embalmers being excluded from military areas because of unprofessional conduxt
-establishment of first set of rules and regulations for the licensing of embalmers and undertakers in the US |
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Term
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Definition
-worked as a practicing civil war embalming surgeon on the scene at gettysburg after the battle
-partner of firm Chamberlain and Waters Embalmers washington D.C
-one of the earliest instructors of embalming in post civil war period |
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Term
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Definition
-active embalming surgeon during the civil war at the Gettyburg battlefield and near richmond, virginia
-partner of the firm Scollay and Sands(washington D.c)
-patented 2 methods of embalming after the civil war involving the use of gaseous compounds injected via the blood vascular systems
-patented a two piece cast glass coffin in 1860 |
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Term
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Definition
-partner c.b. chamberlain during the civil war who provided embalming after the battle of the Gettysburg
-practiced medicine in San Francisco after the civil war
-patented "An Improvement In Embalming)in 1871 which consisted of the introduction through the blood vessel of speciality distilled chemicals while the body was enclosed in a sealed container |
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Term
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Definition
-former US army surgeon
-trained w.p. cornelius in the art of embalming
-medical trained practitioner-to an unertaker-layman |
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Term
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Definition
-successful undertaker in Nashville, Tennessee
-trained prince greer |
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Term
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Definition
-was a slave
-first black embalmer in US
-trained by W.P. Cornelius and Dr. E.C. Lewis |
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Term
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Definition
| was the inventor of the trocar |
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Term
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Definition
| was the inventor of the gravity fluid injector |
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Term
| early embalming instructors |
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Definition
-Dr. Auguste Renouard
-Joseph Henry Clarke
-Felix Aloysius Sullivan
-A.Johnson Dodge |
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Term
| until the first quarter of the 20th century most embalming if permitted by the family |
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Definition
| was carried out in the home of the deceased |
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Term
| Dr. Auguste Rendouard became a regular |
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Definition
| contributor to THE CASKET of articles on all phases of embalming knowledge, which greatly increased interest in embalming by undertakers |
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Term
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Definition
THE UNDERTAKER'S MANUUAL in 1878
-230 pages
-anatomy, chemistry, embalming procedures, instruments, details
-first book published specifically as an embalming textbook in the US |
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Term
| dr. renouard provided demonstrations of embalming at the |
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Definition
first meeting of the national funeral directors association in Rochester, New York in 1882,
-which set a pattern for many years at state and national funeral director's conventions |
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Term
| dr. auguste renouard established |
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Definition
the rochester school of embalming in 1883
-later the U.S. college of embalming in New York City in 1894 |
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Term
| Dr. Auguste Renouard joined |
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Definition
| -his son Charles Renouard at the Renouard Training school for embalmers in New York City in 1900 |
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Term
| dr. renouard is considered the first major figure |
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Definition
| to provide embalming instruction for undertakers in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| continued the Renouard Training School for embalmers until his death in 1950 |
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Term
Joseph Henry Clarke
(1840-1916) |
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Definition
-became a casket and embalming chemical salesman following the civil war
-study of and experimentation with wmbalming chemicals and preservation of the dead
-clarke school of embalming in cincinnati in 1882
-the name changed to Cincinnati College of Embalming in 1899
-author of everal texts on embalming and held deveral patents in the embalming field |
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Term
felix aloysius sullivan
(1843-1931) |
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Definition
-1881 became a well known embalmer
-embalmed presidents Grant and Garfield
-est. New York School of Embalming in 1884
-well known lecturer and demonstrator of embalming
-taught embalming 1900-1903 in london and england
-organized British Embalmers Society and the journal British embalmers
-taught 1000's of students
-wrote 100's of articles
-8 books related to embalming |
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Term
A. Johnson Dodge
(1848-1926) |
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Definition
-came associated with the Egyptian Chemical Co. in Massachuetts in 1890
-purchased the oriental school of embalming renaming it the massachusetts College of embalming in 1895
-Founded the New England Institute of anatomy, sanitary, science and embalming in 1907 as a non-profit educational institute |
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Term
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Definition
-served as a principle lecturer at the Barnes School of Anatomy
-founded the dodge chemical co. in Boston
-published the dodge magazine
-since 1950's company has provided Dodge Seminars for funeral directors and emablmers
-authored 3 texts books THE EMBALMERS GUIDE, TEH ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND SANITARY SCIENCE AND EMBALMING, THE PRACTICAL EMBALMER |
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Term
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Definition
-Mrs. E.G. Bernard
-Mme. Linda D. Odou
-Lena R. Simmons |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded the Bernard School of Embalming Newark, New Jersey |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded the Odou Embalming Institute New York City |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded the Simmons School of Embalming Syracuse, New York |
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Term
| notable embalming instructors |
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Definition
carl lewis barnes
albert h. worsham
howard s. eckels
william peter hohenschuh
clarence g. strub
mrs. e.g. bernard
mme. linda d. odou
lena r. simmons |
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Term
carl lewis barnes
(1872-1927) |
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Definition
-studied medicine and established an embalming school in Indiana later moving it to chicago
-manufactured embalming chemicals wrote many books and articles on embalming
-largest fixed location embalming schools in history in New York, Chicago, Boston, minneapolis, dallas |
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Term
albert h.worsham
(1868-1939) |
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Definition
-founded the Worsham College of Mortuary Science in Chicago in 1911
-lectured widely and noted principally for contributions to the early foundation of postmortem plastic surgery |
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Term
howard s. eckels
(1865-1937) |
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Definition
-manufacturer of embalming chemicals and author of many articles and books
-founded the Eckels College of Embalming in Philadelphia in 1895 which operated until the after WWII after a brief affilation with Temple University |
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Term
william peter hohenschuh
(1858-1920) |
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Definition
-est. the Hohenschuh-Carpenter School of embalming in Des Moines, Iowa in 1900
-operated a funeral home and served as a president of the national funeral directors association |
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Term
clarence g. strub
(1906-1974) |
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Definition
-instructor at the Hohenschuh-Carpenter College of emablming in 1929
-1934 conducted the clinics and demonstrations throughout the US and Canada for unsertaker supply co.
-taught wmbalming and funeral management at the university of Minnesota and the Wisconsin Institute of Mortuary Science
-director of research for Royal Bond Chemical Co.
-wrote THE PRINCIPLES OF RESTORATION, PRACTICE OF EMBALMING |
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Term
| increase of embalming schools |
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Definition
-beginning of the 20th century
-early graduates gave up regular employment to provide services to undertakers who had no trained staff
-embalmer of trade or trade embalmer
-to maintain and increase market share
- |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic treatment for the repair of injuries to the dead was developed by Joel E. Crandall |
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Term
| the systematic treatment became known as |
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Definition
| "restorative art" and began to be adopted by the embalming schools as part of their curriculum |
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Term
| Now overseen by the american board of funeral services education |
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Definition
| the basic course content in embalming assures uniform standards in body preparation throughout the US |
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Term
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Definition
-state licensing laws were est.
-educational requirements were formulated adn educators est. the first school of embalming |
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Term
| a system of nation accreditation of mortuary school was intoduced |
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Definition
| in 1927 by the conference of funeral service examining board |
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Term
| The national council on mortuary education was est. in |
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Definition
1942 by the nation funeral directors association
-the national association of embalming schools and colleges |
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Term
| the nation council on mortuary education est. the |
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Definition
first cousre content syllabus for anatomy and embalming abd formulated the mortician's oath in 1947
-revision of the course content is overseen by the american board of funeral service education and was last revised in 2000 |
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Term
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Definition
| patented teh trocar in 1878 and a system for embalming that consisted of introduction of a trocar through a single point in the navel into all the organs of the trunk to distribute preservative chemicals throughout the trunk visera |
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Term
| the new method of preservation resulted in confrontation |
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Definition
between "belly punchers" (cavity treatment advocates)
and
"throat cutters"(arterial embalmers) concerning the merits of each method of preservation
-it slowly became evident that both systems of preservation offered the best embalming results |
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Term
| other methods of embalming using a trocar |
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Definition
1.epsy and taylor advocate multiple points of trocar insertion through the trunk wall
2.hypodermic injections of preservative chemical using a trocar inserted into the limbs of the corpse
3.the use of "needle embalming" consisting of inserting a trocar at the medial corner of the eye socket and forcing it into the brain aka the "eye process"
4.the "nasal process" consisting of insertion of a trocar through the nose to inject preservative chemicals into the brain
5.insertion of a trocar through the neck and into the brain via the foramen magnum
6.insertion of the trocar between dorsal vertebrae into the spinal canal
7.insertion of the trocar into the left ventricle of the heart and injecting into the arterial system
(the procedure was short-lived due to great difficulty in positively locating the left ventricle) |
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Term
| the application of an electric current directly |
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Definition
to a corspe to destroy blood coagulation
(many attempts using this method have been unsuccessful) |
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Term
professional in embalming
the convergence of 2 movements around 1897 accelerated embalming toward the level of professionlism |
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Definition
1.the change from the use of arsenic in embalming chemicals to the use of formalin(michigan became the first state to outlaw the use of arsenic in 1901)
2.the licensing and governing of those who practiced embalming (virginia became the first state to do so in 1893-1894) |
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Term
| advantages of arsenic over formalin |
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Definition
1.bodies remain relatively supple, making dressing and positioning easier
2.bodies usually have a few discoloration
3.penetration of all the body tissues could be achieved with or without blood drainage
4.total preservation of the body tissues could be achieved |
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Term
| disadvantages of arsenic over formalin |
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Definition
1.highly toxic and poisonous
2.absorption of arsenic through the embalmers unprotected skin
3.various skin irritations
4.embalmer's thickened and cracked fingernails |
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Term
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Definition
1.non-poisonous
2.powerful disinfectant as well as a preservative
3.readily avilable and reasonable priced |
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Term
| disadvantages of formalin |
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Definition
1.blood must be removed in all cases
2.body must be positioned properly before the injection of chemicals
3.reacts with bile pigments in jaundiced bodies to produce green color skin
4.produces formaldehyde fumes |
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Term
| the change from arsenic to formalin |
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Definition
1.reason and science prevailed in the debate between the use of arsenic or formalin
2.embalming fluids formulas were improved over time
3.proper ventilation infuneral home preparation rooms eliminated most of the problem of formaldehyde fumes
4.chemicals became more diverse for special applications
5.allowed for the delivery of chemicals in concentrated form
6.required embalmers to become educated in the mixing of formalin embalming solutions |
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Term
| other new devices developed in the 1920's and 1930's |
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Definition
-needle injection for jaw closure
-trocar buttons
-cavity fluid dispensers |
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Term
| the falcon electric embalmers |
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Definition
| the first battery powered electric pump for the injection of wmbalming chemicals was intorduced in 1914 |
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Term
| electric powered injection machines |
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Definition
| were not readily available and in wide use until the mid 1930's |
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Term
| the Snyder-Westberg device was one of the first machines introduced |
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Definition
followed by the slaughter company injection machine with a pressure gauge in 1937
the flowmaster in1938
the frigid fliud co. machine in 1939 |
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Term
| the Turner company "Porti boy" was |
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Definition
introduced in 1939
-became the all-time most popular injection machine ever produced |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme high pressure injection machines such as the Sawyer were made available and in use |
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Term
| before the transfer of embalming operations from the home to the funeral preparation room during the last quarter of the 19th century most embalming was done with |
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Definition
-gravity bowl
-hand pump
-rubber bulb syringe |
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Term
| when embalming was transferred to the funeral home |
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Definition
| hydro-aspirators were developed by Penberthy, Worsham, Slaughter |
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Term
| special electirc aspirators were devised in |
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Definition
| the 1950's to overcome low water pressure |
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Term
| different means of processing and preserving large numbers of dead bodies from disasters |
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Definition
-ultrasound
-radiation
-atomic bombardment
-ultracold
(none of these experiments provided successful in preserving large numbers of bodies in a brief period) |
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Term
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Definition
| adopted rules concerning the necessity of wmbalming and the securing of consent for the same |
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Term
| occupational safety and health administration |
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Definition
| adopted rules related to embalming procedures, funeral home personal protection, and similar public health and hygenic measures |
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Term
| enviromental protection agency |
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Definition
| rules concering the use and control of formaldehyde and chemicals used by embalmers |
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Term
| associations which represent funeral directors and embalmers include |
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Definition
-national funeral director association
-international order of the golden rule
-international cemetery and funeral association
-selected funeral directors association |
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Term
| trade associations devoted soley to embalmers include |
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Definition
-british institute of embalmers with divisions in england, scottland, ireland, blegium, australia, north america (1927)-(oldest and largest)
-ohio embalmers association(1931)-(oldest and largest in the US)
-academy of graduate embalmers(1955)
-michigan embalmers association
-the american society of embalmers (2004) |
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