Term
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Definition
| only living cells synthesize complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids/ contain the element of carbon and at least one hydrogen atom |
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Definition
| hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds have atoms, or clusters of atoms, covalently bonded to carbon (this addds to the structural and functional diversity of organic compounds, cells, and multicelled organisms) |
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Term
| What are the four things that living things consist of? |
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
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Term
| Why is carbon important to life? |
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Definition
| It can covalently bond with as many as four atoms. |
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Definition
| the simplest organic compound consisting of carbon and four hydrogen atoms |
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Term
| Where is methane abundant? |
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Definition
| methane is abundant in the atmosphere, marine sediments, and stagnant swamps |
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Term
| Insights into the three dimensional structure of molecules help us to what? |
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Definition
| understand how cells and multicelled organisms function |
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Term
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Definition
| sugars which have 1 or more hydroxyl groups |
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Definition
| highly reactive and prone to electron transfers |
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Term
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Definition
| present in amino acids, fatty acids, and other important molecules |
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Definition
| has oxygen atoms that form covalent bonds; dictates ATP's energy carrying function and combines with sugars to form DNA or RNA |
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Definition
| helps to stabilize the structure of many proteins |
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Term
| What are the four major families of monomers? |
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Definition
| simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides |
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Term
| Small organic compounds account for about what percent of the organic material inside a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many monomers do polymers consist of? |
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Definition
| three to millions (polymers can be broken down into monomers) |
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Term
| Reactions by which a cell assembles, rearranges, and splits apart organic compounds requires ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a class of proteins that make metabolic reactions proceed at a faster rate than they would on their own |
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Term
| Functional Group Transfer |
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Definition
| when one molecule gives up a functional group, which another molecule accepts |
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Term
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Definition
| when one or more electrons are stripped from one molecule and donated to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a juggling of its internal bonds converts one type of organic compound into another |
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Term
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Definition
| through covalent bonding, two molecules combine to form a larger molecule |
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Term
| What is it called when enzymes remove an -OH group and a hydrogen atom form another compound and a covalent bond forms? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cleavage reaction that uses enzymes to split molecules at specific groups, then attach one -OH group and H from a water molecule to the exposed sites. |
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Term
| What do carbohydrates consist of? |
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; Cells use carbohydrates and structural materials and transportable and storage forms of energy. |
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Term
| What are the three main classes of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. |
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Term
| What is the simplest carbohydrate? |
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Definition
| Monosaccharide;it has at least two -OH groups bonded to a carbon backbone plus an aldehyde or a ketone group |
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Term
| Most monosaccharides do what in water? And have a backbone of how many carbon atoms? |
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Definition
| dissolve easily; five or six |
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Term
| What do most organims use monosaccharides as? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a short chain of covalently bonded monosaccharides |
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Term
| Disaccharides consist of only two sugar units. What are they? |
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Definition
Lactose: sugar found in milk that consists of one glucose and one galactose
Sucrose: the most plentiful sugar in nature, has a glucose and fructose |
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Term
| Polysaccharides are straight or branched chains of? |
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Definition
| Many sugar molecules of the same or different types. |
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Term
| What are the three most common types of polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| cellulose, glycogen, and starch |
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Term
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Definition
| many glucose chains are stretched out side-to-side and hydrogen bond to one another at -OH groups; this bonding arrangement resists them from being digested by most enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| in this the pattern of covalent bonding puts each glucose unit at an angle relative to the next in line, the coils are are easily digestible |
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Term
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Definition
| In animals this is the storage equivalent of starch in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| a material that strengthens external skeletons of some animals, insects, and some fungus |
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Term
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Definition
| nonpolar hydrocarbons that resist dissolving in water; cells use them as energy stores, structural materials, adn signal molecules |
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Term
| Lipids known as fats have 1,2, or 3 what? |
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Definition
| Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule |
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Term
Each fatty acid has a backbone of as many as ___ Carbon atoms, a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one, and Hydrogen atoms occupying most or all of the bonding sites. Most stretch out like a flexible tail
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Definition
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Tails that have one or more double bonds are ______.
Tails with single bonds are ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Butter, lard, vegetable oils, and other natural fats are known as _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| These natural fats have _____________. These are the body’s _______________ lipids and its richest energy source. Stored as droplets in the cells of the body fat in every vertebrate (fig 3.11) |
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Definition
| three fatty acids attached to a glycerol; most abundant |
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Term
A phospholipid has a glycerol backbone, __________, and a hydrophilic head with a phosphate group and another polar group (Fig 3.13)
The cell membrane is composed of _______________. Sandwiched between the 2 layers of hydrophilic lipids are the fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic
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Definition
| two fatty acid tails; two phospholipid layers |
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Term
_____________ are among the many lipids with _____ fatty acids. They differ in number, position, and type of functional groups, but all have a rigid backbone of ______________
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Definition
| sterols; no; four fused carbon rings |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common type of sterol in tissue of animals |
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Term
| Cholesterol can be changed into___________. |
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Definition
| vitamin D, steroids, and bile salts |
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Term
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Definition
| long chain fatty acids tightly packed and linked to long chain alcohols or carbon rings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples include; cuticle coverings, beeswax, protection and lubrication. |
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Term
| Proteins are the_______. They function as _______________. |
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Definition
| most diverse of all organic compounds; enzymes, structure, transport mechanisms in cell membranes, hormones, and for immunity |
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Term
When a cell synthesizes a protein, enzymes join amino acids by ______________________. This covalent bond forms between the _______________ (-NH3+) of one amino acid and the _______________ (-COO-) of the next amino acid
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Definition
| peptide bonds; amine group; carboxyl group |
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Term
_____________ – when _____ or more amino acids are joined together
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Definition
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Term
| An amino acid is a small organic compound consisting of an_____________ (Fig 3.15). There are _______ amino acids. |
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Definition
| amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and one or more atoms called an "R" group; 20 |
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Term
| A proteins amino acid sequence is its ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
Certain sequences of amino acids favor a pattern of bonding that causes part of the polypeptide chain to ________________________________ (Fig 3.17). Other sequences give rise to _______________. These outcomes are the dominant features of a proteins ______________________________
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Definition
| coil and twist into a helix; sheet like regions; secondary structure |
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Term
A ____________ of a protein forms when a _________________ – a polypeptide chain that has become self organized as a structurally stable functional unit, or___________________
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Definition
| domain; tertiary structure; many domains fold up into one |
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Term
Many final proteins consist of _________________ held together by Hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds = __________________________
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Definition
| two or more polypeptide chains; quaternary structure |
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Term
________________ of a protein or any other large molecule disrupts its three-dimensional shape – ______________________
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Definition
| breaking weak bonds; denaturation |
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Term
If ________________, its polypeptide chains will unwind or change shape, and a protein will lose its function (cooking an egg) (pg 46)
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Definition
| temperature or pH exceeds a protein's range of tolerance |
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Term
__________-consist of a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a ______________ group, and a ______________ with a single or double ring structure known as a ___________________ (double ring) or ________________ (single ring)
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Definition
| Monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides; phosphate; nitrogenous base; purine; pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine tri-phosphate. The energy molecule of the body. Phosphates are stripped off and energy is released (pg 48) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme helpers which accept hydrogen atoms and electrons that are stripped from a molecules reaction site at one end, and then transfers them to different sites in the cell (pg 99) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, used during aerobic respiration (a nucleotide coenzyme) |
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Term
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Definition
| Flavin adenine dinucleotide – a type of nucleotide coenzyme |
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Term
| Nucleic acids, the monomers of DNA and RNA, have vital roles in the ____________. |
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Definition
| storage and retrieval of heriditable info in all cells |
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Term
| In DNA and RNA, a ___________________ connects the sugar of 1 ____________________ with the _________________ of the next nucleotide |
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Definition
| covalent bond; nucleotide; phosphate |
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Term
| In DNA, there are ______ nucleotides. Each have the same sugar and phosphate but different nitrogenous base (Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine). Hydrogen bonds occur between these bases |
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Definition
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Term
| The nitrogenous base of ___________ in RNA |
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Definition
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