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Contains the element carbon and
at least one hydrogen atom. |
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• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids |
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Each carbon atom
can form covalent
bonds |
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individual subunits that make up
larger molecules |
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large molecules made up of
three to millions of monomers |
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Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to
carbon backbone |
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| Functional Groups give organic compounds |
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| their different properties |
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| Functional Groups are responsible for the structural and functional diversity of |
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| cells and multicelled organisms |
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• Important features of the molecules of life arise from the
nature, kind, and arrangement of |
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| Functional group transfer |
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Form polymers from
subunits |
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A type of cleavage
reaction |
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| Hydrolysis breaks polymers into |
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| Most are sweet tasting, water soluble |
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Formed by
condensation reaction |
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Straight or branched chains of many sugar
monomers |
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Definition
Differ in bonding
patterns between
monomers |
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tough,
indigestible,
structural material
in plants |
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Definition
easily
digested, storage
form in plants |
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| Sugar storage form in animals |
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| • When blood sugar decreases, |
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liver cells degrade glycogen,
release glucose |
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Nitrogen-containing groups attached to
glucose monomers |
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protective body
coverings of many animals, including
ticks |
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| Sterols and their derivatives have |
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Fatty acid(s)
attached to
glycerol |
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Triglycerides
are most
common |
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| Single bonds between carbons |
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Main components of cell
membranes |
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Long-chain fatty acids linked to
long chain alcohols or carbon rings |
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| Firm consistency, repel water |
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Bees construct honeycombs from their
own |
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Rigid backbone of
four fused-together
carbon rings |
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Definition
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| Properties of Amino Acids |
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Definition
Determined by the “R
group” |
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chain of amino acids linked
by peptide bonds |
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Links amino group of one amino acid with
carboxyl group of next |
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Polypeptide chains arranged as strands or
sheets |
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Polypeptide chains folded into compact,
rounded shapes |
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| Primary structure influences shape by |
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Definition
| allowing hydrogen bonds to form between different amino acids along length of chain |
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Hydrogen bonds form between different
parts of |
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Some proteins
are made up of
more than one
polypeptide
chain |
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Definition
Proteins combined with cholesterol,
triglycerides, phospholipids |
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| Proteins combined with oligosaccharides |
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| Disruption of three-dimensional shap |
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Single- or double-
stranded |
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Consists of four
types of nucleotides |
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contains the base uracil in
place of thymine |
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