Term
| ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins |
|
Definition
| Large superfamily of membrane transport proteins that use the energy of hydrolysis of ATP to transfer peptides and a variety of small molecules across membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical group with R-C(=O)CH3. Important in metabolism and are added to some proteins as a posttranslational modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small water-soluble molecule that carries acetyl groups in cells. Consists of an acetyl linked to coenzyme A by an easily hydrolyzable thioester bond |
|
|
Term
| (nicotinic) acetylcholine receptor |
|
Definition
| Transmitter-gated ion channel that opens in response to binding of acetylcholine, converting a chemical signal to an electrical one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitter that functions with a special class of chemical synapses; the neurotransmitter of vertebrate neuromuscular junctions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of diverse lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. proteases, nucleases) with optimal activity at acidic pH (~5.0) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region at the head of a sperm that contains a sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digests the zona pellucida of an egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaction that occurs when a sperm begins entry into an egg, releasing the contents of the acrosomal vesicle to help the sperm penetrate the zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid, transient, self propagating electrical excitation in the PM of a cell; makes long distance nervous system signaling possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General term for a small diffusible coenzyme that stores easily-exchangeable energy in the form of energy-rich covalent bonds, e.g. ATP, NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional group derived from a carboxylic acid R-C(=O)OH group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that binds clathrin to the plasma membrane cytoplasmic surface |
|
|
Term
adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
(protein) |
|
Definition
| Tumor suppressor that forms part of a complex (along with GSK3 and Axin) that recruits free cytoplasmic β-catenin and degrades it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell junction that attaches actin filaments to the plasma membrane, e.g. adhesion belts linking adjacent epithelial cells and focal contacts on the bottom of cultured fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| adhesion belt (zonula adherens) |
|
Definition
| Beltlike adherens junction that encircles the apical end of an epithelia cell and attaches it to adjacent cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catecholamine hormone released by chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland or by some neurons in response to stress. Elicits responses such as increased heart rate and blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The organizer for gastrulation in vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purification of a protein mixture by passing it over a matrix with ligands for specific protein(s) attached so the matrix retains desired proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measure of the strength of binding of the components in a complex
For the reaction A + B ↔ AB:
[AB]
Ka = -----------
[A][B] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive increase in the affinity of antibodies for an antigen with the passage of time after immunization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic compound containing the group R-C(=O)H; Can be oxidized to an acid or reduced to an alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small but complex nitrogen-containing metabolite produced by plants as a defense against herbivores, e.g. caffeine, morphine, colchicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General term for a group of covalently linked C and H atoms such as methyl and ethyl groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of a set of alternative forms of a gene, of which a diploid cell will have two occupying the same position on homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The expression of only one Ig chain or TCR chain gene from either homologous loci present for that gene in a lymphocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein that changes conformation when it binds another molecule or is covalently modified
The change alters the activity of the protein and can form the basis of directed movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule containing a carbonyl group (-C=O) linked to a N |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical group containing nitrogen and hydrogen; becomes (+) charged in water |
|
|
Term
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
|
Definition
| Enzyme that attaches/"charges" a tRNA molecule to its correct amino acid via an ester bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weakly basic functional group derived from ammonia (NH3) in which at least one H is replaced by another atom. Can accept a proton and carry (+) charge in aqueous solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activated form of amino acid used in protein synthesis. Consists of a ester linkage of an amino acid's carboxyl to a tRNA's hydroxyl |
|
|
Term
| anaphase-promoting complex (APC) |
|
Definition
| Ubiquitin ligase that promotes the destruction of inhibitors of proteins that inhibits the degradation of cohesins that hold sister chromatids together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In yolky eggs, the yolk-free side that cleaves more rapidly than the other pole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein mainly responsible for attaching the spectrin cytoskeleton to the erythrocyte plasma membrane via integral proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photosystem protein complexes bound to chlorophyll and other pigments and capture light energy and channel it to the photochemical reaction center. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogenic microorganism ability to change antigens displayed on the cell surface, enabling them to evade immune system attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with MHC molecules on its surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carrier protein that transports two different ions or small molecules across a membrane in opposite directions, either simultaneously or in sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA complementary to a specific mRNA that can hybridize to the targeted mRNA and inhibit its function |
|
|
Term
| ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) |
|
Definition
| Monomeric GTPase responsible for regulating both COPI and clathrin coat assembly at Golgi membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Star-shaped system of microtubules emanating from a centrosome or from a mitotic spindle pole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaction catalyzed by one of its products, creating a positive feedback on its reaction rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total binding strength of a polyvalent antibody with a polyvalent antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bundle of microtubles and associated proteins that forms the core of a cilium or flagellum responsible for movement of an eukaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pigmented plasma membrane protein of a halophile bacterium that pumps protons out in response to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum which serves as a nucleation site for the axoneme's growth. Similar in structure to a centriole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multifunctional cytoplasmic protein involved in cell-cell adhesion by linking cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. Can also act independently as a gene regulatory protein in the Wnt signaling pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low-mol. weight compound used as a coenzyme for transferring carbon dioxide groups. Useful technically as a covalent label for proteins, allowing them to be detected by strong binding to avidin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A duplicated chromosome paired with its homologous duplicated chromosome at the beginning of meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Artificial planar lipid bilayer membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell formed by the cleavage of a fertilized egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early stage of an animal embryo consisting of a hollow ball of cells before gastrulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal light microscope that obtains images by simple transmission of light through the viewed object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelia in the intestine and kidney that aids absorption by increasing cell surface area |
|
|
Term
| Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) |
|
Definition
| Protein kinase regulated by the binding of activated calmodulin; indirectly mediates the effects of Ca2+ by phosphorylating other proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family of proteins that mediates Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in animal tissues |
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ ATPase (calcium pump) |
|
Definition
| Transport protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that pumps Ca2+ out of the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasm using ATP |
|
|
Term
| Calvin/carbon-fixation cycle |
|
Definition
| Major metabolic pathway that incorporates CO2 into carbohydrates during the second stage of photosynthesis in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase found in all animals that autophosphorylates upon activation. Especially abundant in the brain and thought to have roles in learning and memory in vertebrates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effect of the female reproductive tract that elicits a change in membrane composition of the acrosomal sperm head that results in an influx of Ca2+ and increased cAMP to hyperactivate sperm motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbon atom with the configuration -(C=O)-OH. Molecules containing this group are weak acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancer of epithelial cells; most common form of human cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane transport protein that binds to a solute and transports it across the membrane by undergoing a series of conformational changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connective tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded in a matrix rich with type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invaginations at the cell surface that bud off internally to form pinocytotic vesicles. Thought to form from lipid rafts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein on T cells that binds to the costimulatory B7 protein on "pro" antigen-presenting cells, providing secondary signals required for naïve T cell activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coreceptor found on T cells that bind to the outside of class II MHCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coreceptor found on cytotoxic T cells that bind to the outside of class I MHCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that binds to and inhibits cyclin-Cdk complexes; primarily involved in G1 and S phases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized layer of cytoplasm on the inner face of the plasma membrane. In animal cells it is an actin-rich layer responsible for cell surface movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flattened membrane-enclosed structure that forms by fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles of a dividing plant cell to form the precursor of a new cell wall |
|
|
Term
| cell-mediated immune response |
|
Definition
| Adaptive immune response in which antigen-specific T cells are activated to do tasks such as killing infected cells and activating macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of cells around each nucleus in a multinucleate cytoplasm, transforming it into a multicellular structure |
|
|
Term
| central (primary) lymphoid organ |
|
Definition
| Organ in which lymphocytes develop; in adult mammals: the thymus and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short cylindrical array of microtubules usually found at the center of a centrosome in animal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Duplication of the centrosome (during interphase) and separation of the two new centrosomes at prophase to form the poles of the mitotic spindle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region of DNA with greater than average density of CG sequences; usually remain unmethylated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane transport protein that forms an aqueous pore through which specific solutes (e.g. ions) can pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanism of using a gradient of protons across a membrane to drive an energy-requiring process such as ATP synthesis and bacterial flagella rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| X-shaped connection visible between paired homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and represents a site of crossing over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell that stores adrenaline in vesicles and secretes it in response to stress signals from the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hairlike extension of a eukaryotic cell containing a core bundle of microtubules and capable of performing repeated beating movements. Found in large numbers on the surface of may cells, and are responsible for the swimming of many single-celled organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Face where material enters a Golgi stack. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Network of interconnected cisternae and tubules which receives vesicles from the ER and transfers material to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flattened membrane-bounded compartment as found in the ER or Golgi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aerobic metabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl groups from food into CO2 and H2O; occurs in the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule present on almost all cell types and presents viral peptides on the surface of infected cells, where they are recognized by cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule present on professional antigen presenting cells and presents foreign peptides to helper T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region of the plasma membrane coated with protein that continually form and bud off by endocytosis to form intracellular vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small molecule tightly associated with an enzyme that participates in catalysis, often by binding covalently to the substrate, e.g. biotin, NAD+, CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small molecule used in the enzymatic transfer of acyl groups in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inorganic ion or coenzyme required for enzymatic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex of proteins that hold sister chromatids together along their length before separation triggered by separin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous protein rich in Gly and Pro; major component of the ECM and connective tissues. Exists in many forms: type I, the most common, in skin/tendon/bone, type II in cartilage, type IV in basal laminae |
|
|
Term
| colony-stimulating factor (CSF) |
|
Definition
| General name for molecules that control hematopoietic differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes the control of a cellular process step (e.g. initiation of transcription) by a combination of proteins rather than an individual one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryo regions formed exclusively from the descendants of a few founder cells; no movement between these regions can occur once they are delimited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| System of serum proteins activated by antibody-antigen complexes or by microorganisms; eliminates pathogens by directly lysing them or promoting their phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chain of sugars attached to a glycoprotein; generated by trimming the original oligosaccharide from the ER and adding sugars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein complex involved in chromosome condensation prior to mitosis; target of the M-Cdk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation that changes a protein or RNA so its function is altered only in some conditions, e.g. extreme temperatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light microscope that produces a clear image of a plane within a solid object using a laser as a pinpoint light source and scans across the plane to produce a 2D "optical section" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water-filled pore in a cell's PM formed by a protein hexamer; part of a gap junction that forms a continuous channel between two cells |
|
|
Term
| constitutive secretory pathway (default pathway) |
|
Definition
| Pathway present in all cells by which molecules are continually delivered to the PM from the Golgi in vesicles that fuse with the PM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular tissue rearrangement that causes it to extend in one dimension and shrink in another (e.g. skinnier but longer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenomenon of when binding of one ligand to a target promotes the binding of successive ligands; seen in the assembly of large complexes and enzymes or receptors composed of multiple allosteric subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes import of a protein into the ER before the polypeptide is completely synthesized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentration at which a monomer is in equilibrium with the assembled form of a protein (e.g. G-actin<=>F-actin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Riboflavin-containing protein responsive to blue light and found in both animals and plants; involved in animal circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Main inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide monophosphates by hydrolyzing cyclic bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soluble intracellular signaling molecule formed by guanylyl cyclase in response to retinal photoreceptor stimulation |
|
|
Term
coenzyme Q:cytochrome c-oxidoreductase
(cytochrome bc1 complex) |
|
Definition
| Second of three electron-driven proton pumps in the oxidative phosphorylation chain; accepts electrons from ubiquinone (CoQ10) |
|
|
Term
| cytochrome oxidase complex |
|
Definition
| Third of three electron-driven proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation; accepts electrons from cytochrome c uses oxygen as an electron acceptor to generate water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colored, heme-containing protein that transfers electrons during cellular respiration and photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Automatic delivery of material from the Golgi to the plasma membrane if no sorting signals are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes multiple states with the same result: e.g. multiple codons for the same amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell derived from bone marrow and specialized for uptake of particulate material by phagocytosis and acts as a professional antigen-presenting cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of anchoring cell-cell junction formed between two epithelial cells; characterized by dense protein plaques with inserted intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fourth stage of meiosis I in which chiasmata are seen |
|
|
Term
| DNA affinity chromatography |
|
Definition
| Technique for purifying sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins by trapping them in a matrix covalently linked to DNA fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technique for determining the sequence to which a DNA-binding protein binds, as well as the binding affinity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme involved in opening the DNA double helix into single strands for DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme which synthesizes a short strand of RNA on a DNA template, producing a primer for DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| dominant negative mutation |
|
Definition
| Mutation with a dominant phenotype elicited by interference of the function of normal gene products by the mutant products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Property of sudden conversion from growth↔shrinkage in a protein filament, e.g. microtubules or F-actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytosolic GTPase that binds to the neck of clathrin-coated vesicles in the budding process and completes vesicle formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A family of large motor proteins that use ATP to move along microtubules. In cilia, this protein forms the side arms in the axoneme that cause microtubule doublet sliding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disordered cell growth and behavior in a tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell that carries out the final response/function of a process. e.g. activated lymphocytes in the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amorphous hydrophobic protein that forms extracellular extensible fibers that makes tissue resilient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane-bounded organelle in animal cells that carries newly endocytosed materials and usually fuses with lysosomes for degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flattened cell type that forms a sheet lining blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulatory DNA sequence to which proteins bind and influence the rate of transcription of a gene that can be thousands of base pairs away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Virus with a capsid surrounded by a lipid membrane derived from the host cell when the virus buds from the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that remains in the ER lumen or its membranes and functions there, as opposed to proteins that are in transit in the ER |
|
|
Term
| ER retention signal (KDEL) |
|
Definition
| Short amino acid sequence (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) that prevents a protein from moving out of the ER; found on ER resident proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth factor that stimulates the production of RBCs; produced by the kidney and acts on precursors in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule formed by the condensation of a hydroxyl (-OH) with an acyl (-COOH), resulting in an R-(C=O)-O-R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activated carrier molecule produced by the citric acid cycle that yields 1.5 or 2 ATP per molecule in oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane receptor that initiates apoptosis in the receptive cell after binding to its ligand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family of receptors specific for the invariant constant region of immunoglobulins with the exception of IgM and IgD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of collagen molecule that assembles into rope-like structures, which include type I, II, III, V, and XI. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ECM protein involved in adhesion of cells to the matrix and guidance of migrating cells during embryogenesis. Integrins are receptors for this protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin, spike-like protrusion with an actin filament core generated on the leading edge of a crawling animal cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dye that fluoresces green when illuminated with blue or UV light |
|
|
Term
| focal adhesion kinase (FAK) |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase present at cell-matrix focal adhesions in association with the cytoplasmic tails of integrins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy that can be extracted from a system to drive reactions; takes into account changes in both energy and entropy |
|
|
Term
| γ-tubulin ring complex (TuRC) |
|
Definition
| Protein complex that mimics the (+) end of a microtubule and is an efficient nucleator of microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cluster of neurons and associated glia located outside the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycolipid having one or more sialic acid residues in its structure. Found in the PM of eukaryotic cells and abundant in nerve cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage in animal embryogenesis during which an embryo is transformed from a blastula to a structure with a gut (gastrula) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which the sequence of one DNA helix can be transferred and alter the sequence of another DNA helix. It occasionally occurs during recombination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Map of a chromosome in which relative distance between genes is determined by the amount of recombination that occurs between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parental influence on whether a gene is expressed in the embryo depending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supporting cell of the nervous system, e.g. oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small reactive molecule (O=CHCH2CH2CH2CH=O) with two aldehyde groups often used as a cross-linking fixative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small three-carbon molecule with one hydroxyl per carbon and is the parent compound of many small molecules including phospholipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate-rich layer that forms the outer coat of eukaryotic cells. Composed of oligosaccharides linked to intrinsic PM glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as secreted glycoproteins/proteoglycans reabsorbed on the cell surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long, linear, highly charged polysaccharide (e.g. chodroiton sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin) composed of a repeating pair of sugar, one of which is always an amino sugar. Mainly found covalently linked to a protein core in ECM proteoglycans. |
|
|
Term
| glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI anchor) |
|
Definition
| Lipid linkage by which some membrane proteins are bound. Formed as the proteins travel through the ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G protein class that activates phospholipase C-β and begins the inositol phospholipid signaling cascade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stacked chlorophyll-containing thylakoid discs in chloroplasts that are the site of light-trapping reactions of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White blood cell distinguished by conspicuous cytoplasmic granules; includes neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Band of pale pigmentation that appears in some amphibian species opposite the site of sperm entry; caused by rotation of the egg cortex and associated pigment granules; marks the future dorsal side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleotide triphosphate with a special role in microtubule assembly, protein synthesis, and cell signaling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA-binding structural motif present in many gene regulatory proteins; should not be confused with helix-turn-helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of T cell that helps stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and activates macrophages to kill ingested microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron-containing cyclic organic molecule that carries O2 in hemoglobin and carries an electron in cytochromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generation of blood cells mainly in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell with multiple genetically different nuclei; produced by the fusion of two or more different cells |
|
|
Term
| high-mannose oligosaccharide |
|
Definition
| Chain of sugars generated by a trimming of original mannose-rich oligosaccharide that leaves most of the mannose residues with no subsequent addition of sugars |
|
|
Term
| histidine-kinase-associated receptor |
|
Definition
| Transmembrane receptor found in bacteria, yeast, and plant cells; involved in sensing stimuli such as bacterial chemotaxis; associated with histidine protein kinase on its cytoplasmic side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of small abundant Arg and Lys-rich proteins which form nucleosomes in eucaryotic chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| heterogenous nuclear ribonuclear protein (hnRNP) |
|
Definition
| Proteins that assemble on newly synthesized RNA, compacting it and signals that the pre-mRNA is not fully processed and ready for export |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| X-shaped structure observed In DNA recombination in which two molecules are held together at the site of crossing over; also called a cross-strand exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short 180bp conserved DNA sequence that encodes a DNA-binding protein motif found in genes that orchestrate development in a wide range of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA-binding domain that defines a class of gene regulatory proteins important in animal development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gene that determines which body part a region of a body develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tightly linked cluster of genes in animals that have a linear correspondence to the anterior-posterior segmentation of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H3O+, a water molecule associated with a proton |
|
|
Term
| inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family |
|
Definition
| Family of proteins that are intracellular inhibitors of apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of cells set aside in Drosophila embryos that are determined to develop into an adult structure (e.g. eye, leg, wing) |
|
|
Term
| induction [developmental bio.] |
|
Definition
| Change in the developmental fate of one tissue caused by interaction with another tissue |
|
|
Term
| inhibitory G protein (Gi) |
|
Definition
| G protein that can regulate ion channels and inhibit adenylyl cyclase |
|
|
Term
| inhibitory neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
| Type of neurotransmitter that opens transmitter-gated Cl- or K+ channels in the postsynaptic membrane of a nerve or muscle cell, inhibiting the generation of an action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that prmotes the proper association of ribosomes with mRNA and required for initiation of translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special tRNA that initates translation. Always carries Met in eukaryotes, and fMet in some prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune response that involves pre-existing defenses of the body e.g. skin, mucosa, antimicrobial molecules, phagocytes. Non-specific toward pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear envelope membrane that contains binding sites for chromatin and the nuclear lamina |
|
|
Term
| inositol phospholipids (phosphoinositides) |
|
Definition
| Family of lipids containing phosphorylated inositol derivatives. Although minor components of the PM, they are important in signal transduction in eucaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequence that prevents a DNA-bound gene regulatory protein in the control region of a gene from influencing transcription of surrounding genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large family of transmembrane heterodimers involved in adhesion of cells to the ECM and other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regeneration that fills in missing tissue when two mismatched parts of a structure are grafted together (e.g. an upper leg and foot regenerating the middle segment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytokine secreted by TH1 cells to enhance cell-mediated immunity via anti-viral response and macrophage activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted protein that mainly mediates local interactions between leucocytes during inflammation/immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small hydrophobic molecule that dissolves in lipid bilayers and increases their permeability to specific inorganic ions; can carry normally inpermeable molecules; can also disrupt ion concentration gradients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron-transporting groups consisting of 2 or 4 Fe atoms bound to an equal number of S atoms; found in a class of electron-transport proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Member of a large family of lipid molecules with a carbon skeleton based on multiple five carbon isoprene CH2=C(-CH3)-CH=CH2 units, e.g. retinal and dolichol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid signaling pathway in which signals (e.g. interferon) activate gene expression, involves Janus kinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standard unit of energy equal to approximately .24 calories |
|
|
Term
| potassium (K+) leak channel |
|
Definition
| K+ transporting ion channel that remains open even in a resting state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic molecule containing a carbonyl (C=O) bound to two carbon groups (R3C-CO-CR3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of motor protein that uses ATP hydrolysis to move along a microtubule; transports intracellular cargo along microtubule tracks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex structure on mitotic chromosome centromeres which attaches to microtubules; plays an active part in movement of chromosomes to centrioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterotrimeric ECM protein found in basal laminae, where it forms sheetlike networks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paired chromosome in meiosis in immature amphibian eggs, in which chromatin forms large stiff loops extending out from the chromosome's central axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that binds tightly to specific sugars; frequently isolated from plant seeds and used to purify glycoproteins or detect them on cell coats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First phase of meiosis I in which paired duplicated homologous chromosomes condense and become visible in light microscopy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural motif in many DNA-binding proteins consisting of two α-helices from separate proteins joined together in a coiled-coil (i.e. zipper-like) |
|
|
Term
| leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein |
|
Definition
| Common type of receptor Ser/Thr kinase in plants. Characterized by Leu-rich extracellular sequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutual effect of the binding of one ligand on the binding of another; central feature of the behavior of all allosteric proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes cleavage of fatty acids from the glycerol moiety of a triglyceride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane subdomain enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted signal molecule that acts as a short range paracrine signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long-lasting increase in the sensitivity of certain synapses in the hippocampus; induced by a short burst of repetitive firing by presynaptic neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large complex composed of a single protein molecule and many esterfied cholesterol molecules and other lipids. Form in which cholesterol is transported in the blood and absorbed by cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial state in which it carries the DNA of an inactive virus in its genome. The virus can be activated to replicate and lyse the cell |
|
|
Term
| mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) |
|
Definition
| Unique marker attached to oligosaccharides on some glycoproteins targeted toward lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) |
|
Definition
| Class of kinases that relays signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus; turned on by a wide range of proliferation or differentiation-inducing signals |
|
|
Term
| mating-type locus (MAT locus) |
|
Definition
| Locus that determines the mating type (α or a) of a haploid budding yeast cell |
|
|
Term
| [mitochondrial] matrix space |
|
Definition
| Central subcomparment of a mitochondrion, bounded by the inner mitochondrial membrane; corresponds to the stroma in a chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| Mini Chromosome Maintenance (MCM) complex |
|
Definition
| Protein complex that binds to origin recognition complexes in eucaryotic DNA in early G1 and are involved in forming the pre-replicative complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large myeloid cell with a multilobed nucleus; remains in the bone marrow when mature and generates platelets that bud off from long cytoplasmic processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organized group of dividing cells whose progeny give rise to the tissues and organs of a flowering plant, e.g. the tips of shoots and roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immature, unspecialized form of connective tissue in animals consisting of cells embedded in thin ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replacement of a differentated type of cell with another differentiated type; usually caused by abnormal stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small vesicle originating from fragmented ER produced from cell homogenates |
|
|
Term
| microtubule-associated protein (MAP) |
|
Definition
| Any protein that binds to microtubules and modifies their properties, e.g. dynein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments; present in large numbers on absorptive surfaces of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure formed at the end of cleavage that can persist for some time as a tether between two daughter cells in animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comparatively slower-growing end of a microtubule or microfilament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA repair process that corrects errors during DNA replication by removing a short stretch of newly synthesized DNA and replacing it with the correct sequence based on the template strand |
|
|
Term
| mitochondrial precursor protein |
|
Definition
| Mitochondrial protein encoded by a nuclear gene, synthesized in the cytosol, and transported into mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of white blood cell that leaves the bloodstream and matures into a macrophage in tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism made from a mixture of cells of different genotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that uses energy derived from nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) hydrolysis to propel itself along a filament or another polymer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any white blood cell other than lymphocytes e.g. baso/eosino/neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of unstriated muscle cell frequently found in glandular epithelia |
|
|
Term
| nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) |
|
Definition
| Activated carrier that participates in an oxidation(?) reaction by accepting a hydride (H-) ion from a donor molecule; the product is an important carrier of electrons for oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| NADH dehydrogenase complex |
|
Definition
| First of the three electron-driven proton pumps in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It accepts electrons from NADH |
|
|
Term
| nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphte (NADP+) |
|
Definition
Activated carrier used extensively in biosynthetic pathways
Contrast with the us of NAD+ in catabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic cell of the innate immune system that can kill virus-infected cells; shares a common progenitor with T-cells and B-cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quantitative expression that relates the concentrations of an ion across a membrane to the voltage difference (E = RT/zF ln ([out]/[in])) |
|
|
Term
| neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) |
|
Definition
| Cell adhesion molecule of the Ig superfamily, expressed by many cell types including most nerve cell and mediates cell-cell attachment independent of Ca2+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General term for a process from a nerve cell in culture; does not specify if it is an axon or dendrite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White blood cell that enters inflamed/infected tissues and uptakes particulate material by phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biochemical process by which certain bacteria reduce atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chain of sugars attached to a protein through the NH2 of an asparagine |
|
|
Term
| noncyclic phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Photosynthetic process that produces both ATP and NADPH in plants and cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanism for removing aberrant mRNAs containing premature stop codons before they can be translated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptor protein heavily involved in development determination, and is activated by cleavage in response to binding cell-surface ligands on other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stiff rod of mesoderm that runs along the dorsal side of all chordate embryos; becomes incorporated into the vetebral column in vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein with ATPase activity that disassembles vSNARE and tSNARE complexes in vesicle fusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subunit of the intermediate filaments of the nuclear lamina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region of a chromosome containing a cluster of rRNA genes that gives rise to a nucleolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of a number of proteins that make up a nuclear pore complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule composed of a purine/pyrimidine base linked to a sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium, forming a barrier that even blocks small molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glial cell that forms myelin sheaths around multiple axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Addition of an oligosaccharide chain to the OH group of a Ser or Thr side chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bacterial group of contiguous genes transcribed into a single mRNA molecule |
|
|
Term
| origin recognition complex (ORC) |
|
Definition
| Large protein complex bound to the DNA at origins of replication throughout the cell cycle in eucaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macrophage-like cell that erodes bone, enabling it to be remodeled and allowing expansion/growth; contrast with osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear membrane continuous with the ER and studded with ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitotic or meiotic spindle microtubule interwoven at the equator with microtubules from the other pole |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Process in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by transfer of electrons from food to molecular oxygen. Involves generation of an electrochemical gradient and chemiosmotic coupling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Third stage of meiosis I, in which synapsis is complete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Production of a new individual from an unfertilized egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrophysiological technique that attaches a tiny electrode tip to a patch of cell membrane to record the flow of current through individual ion channels |
|
|
Term
| peripheral/secondary lymphoid organ |
|
Definition
| Lymphoid organs in which T and B cells interact with foreign antigens, e.g. spleen, lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small membrane-bound organelle that uses molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technique for detecting protein interactions by repeatedly screening a library of genetically modified phages against an affixed protein |
|
|
Term
| phase-contrast microscope |
|
Definition
| Light microscope that exploits interference effects; used to view living cells |
|
|
Term
| phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) |
|
Definition
| Kinase activated by cell surface receptors; involved in intracellular signaling pathways; phosphorylates phospholipids at the inositol ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cleaves membrane phospholipids to diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Activated by Gq proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cleaves membrane phospholipids to diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3);
Activated by receptor tyrosine kinases |
|
|
Term
| photosynthetic electron-transfer |
|
Definition
| Light-driven photosynthesis reactions that move electrons along a transport chain in the thylakoid membrane, generating ATP and NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure made of microtubules and actin filaments that forms in a prospective plane of division in a plant cell; guides formation of a cell plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell-cell junction in plants that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) |
|
Definition
| Domain found in intracellular signaling proteins that binds to inositol phospholipids phosphorylated by PI3K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The faster growing end of a microtubule or microfilament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes a gene with many different alleles, none of which is predominant in the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mRNA molecule with a number of actively translating ribosomes attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell's internal record of its position in a multicellular organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covalent attachment of an isoprenoid CH2=(C-C)-CH=CH2 lipid group to a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell set aside early in embryonic development that is a precursor to cells that will give rise to gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex of DNA primase and DNA helicase formed on the lagging strand of a replication fork, thereby improving replication efficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinase activated by Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphorylates target proteins on specific Ser and Thr kinases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule consisting of one or more glycosaminoglycan chains attached to a core protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technique for following the movement of a substance through a cellular pathway by briefly adding labeled substrate ("pulse") followed by unlabled substrate ("chase") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, lipid soluble mobile electron carrier molecule found in the respiratory and photosynthetic transport chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family of monomeric GTPases in the PM and organelle membranes involved in specificity of vesicle docking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monomeric GTPase present both in cytosol and nucleus required for the active transport of macromolecules in/out of the nuclear pore complex; hydrolysis of the GTP is thought to provide the energy for this transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large family of GTP-binding proteins that help relay signals from cell surface receptors to the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procaryotic DNA repair protein thought to be the prototype for a class of DNA-binding proteins that catalyze synapsis of homologous DNA during genetic recombination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large vesicle formed from a fragment of an endosome as an intermedite stage on the passge of recycled receptors back to the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pair of molecules in which one acts as an electron donor and the other as an acceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affinity of a redox pair for electrons, generally measured as the voltage difference between an equimolar mixture of the pair and a standard reference, e.g. NADH/NAD+ has low potential, O2/H2 has high potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General term for the oxidative breakdown of sugars or other organic molecules using O2 and producing CO2 and H2O as waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Approach to discovering gene function by starting from a gene and protein and creating mutants to analyze its function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light-sensitive GPCR in the rod photoreceptor cells in the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Production of a functional mRNA by insertion or alteration of nucleotides in an RNA molecule after it is synthesized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pre-assembled complex with most of the transcription factors required for functioning and the mediator protein complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degradation of RNA intended to remove foreign RNAs e.g. viruses. Fragments cleaved from dsRNA direct degradation of similar RNA sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photoreceptor cell in the retina responsible for noncolor vision in poor light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancer of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping myosin and actin filaments between two adjacent Z discs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regions of highly repetitive eucaryotic DNA, usually identifiable by its unusual nucleotide composition; not transcribed and has no known function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family of cell surface sugar-binding proteins that mediate transient Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in the bloodstream, such as white blood cells rolling on the endothelium of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occluding cell junction in invertebrates; ladder structure is distinct from vertebrate tight junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Domain that binds short amino acid sequences containing phospho-Tyr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Domain that binds Pro-rich sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that removes terminal signal sequences once protein sorting processes are complete |
|
|
Term
| signal-recognition particle (SRP) |
|
Definition
| Ribonucleoportein particle that binds an ER signal sequence in a partially synthesized polypeptide and delays translation and directs the polypeptide to the ER |
|
|
Term
| small nuclear RNA (snRNA) |
|
Definition
| Small RNA molcules complexed with proteins to form ribonucleoproteins involved in RNA splicing |
|
|
Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| Region of the ER involved in lipid synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family of transmembrane proteins present in organelle membranes and vesicles involved in guiding vesicles to correct destinations; they exist in pairs, a v-SNARE of a vesicle binds specifically to a complementary t-SNARE at the target membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein associated with the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane in erythrocytes, forming a rigid support network |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized tissue at the dorsal lip of the blastopore in an amphibian embryo that acts as a source of differentiation signals |
|
|
Term
| spindle-attachment checkpoint |
|
Definition
| Checkpoint during mitosis that occurs before anaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large assembly of snRNP ribonucleoproteins that performs pre-mRNA splicing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that associate with the cytoplasmic domains of some enzyme-linked receptors (e.g. T cell receptors) that lack intrinsic Tyr-kinase activity |
|
|
Term
| standard free energy change |
|
Definition
| Free energy change of two reacting molecules at 25C and 1atm when all components are at a concentration of 1M/liter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short amino acid sequence that enables a polypeptide to start being translocated across the ER membrane; multipass membrane proteins have both N-terminal and multiple internal signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large, rigid microvillus found on the apical surface of hair cells in the ear; arranged in "organ pipe" arrays and mechanically gated |
|
|
Term
| stimulatory G protein (Gs) |
|
Definition
| G protein that when activated, activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and stimulates production of cAMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrophobic amino acid sequence that halts translocation of a polypeptide through the ER membrane, anchoring the polypeptide in the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural connective tissue in which glandular or epethilia are embedded; contrast with parenchyma, functional tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region of DNA that codes for an actual transcriptional/translational product, rather than a region that regulates gene expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solid surface to which a cell adheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical group containing -SH; found in the amino acid Cys; two of these can form a disulfide bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The initial formation of base pairs between complementary DNA strands in genetic recombination, OR the pairing of maternal/paternal chromosomes as they become attached along their length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I; promotes genetic recombination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass of cytoplasm containing multiple nuclei enclosed by a single membrane; typically the result of cell fusion or incomplete division cycles of just the nuclei but not the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence of the same genes in the same order on chromosomes of different species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consensus sequence in the promoter of eucaryotic genes that binds general transcription factors and specifies where transcription is initiated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signal in bacterial DNA that halts transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High-energy bond formed by condensation between an acyl (acid) (-COR) group and an thiol group (-SH); e.g. those seen in acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flattened chloroplast membrane sac containing chlorophyll and pigments and carries out light-trapping reactions of photosynthesis. Stacks of these form grana. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell-cell junction that seals adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most molecules past the epithelial sheet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein translocators in the mitochondrial membranes |
|
|
Term
| Toll-like receptor family (TLRs) |
|
Definition
| Family of mammalian pattern-recognition receptors abundant on macrophages, neutrophils, and gut epithelia; recognizes pathogen-associated molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Golgi face at which material leaves the Golgi for the surface or another rcell compartment |
|
|
Term
| transcription attenuation |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of bacterial gene expression by premature termination of transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The uptake of material at one face of a cell, transfer across in vesicles, and discharge from another face |
|
|
Term
| transforming growth factor-beta superfamily |
|
Definition
| Family of secreted proteins that act as hormones and local mediators to control a wide range of functions, including development; e.g. activins, BMPs |
|
|
Term
transition state
[biochemistry] |
|
Definition
| Transient structure in the course of a chemical reaction and has the highest free energy; formation of this state is a rate-limiting step |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control of gene expression by selection of which mRNAs are translated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA splicing present in a few eucaryotes where two separate RNAs are joined to form one mRNA |
|
|
Term
| type III secretion system |
|
Definition
| Bacterial system for delivering toxic proteins into host cells |
|
|
Term
| unfolded protein response |
|
Definition
| Cellular response triggered by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER; involves increased ER chaperones and degradative enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carrier protein that transports a single solute from one side of a membrane to the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yolk-rich end of an animal egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site in an X chromosome in which inactivation/packaging into heterochromatin is initiated and spread outwards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Platelike region of sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second stage of meiosis I in which the synaptonemal complex begins to form between the sets of sister chromatids in each bivalent chromosome |
|
|
