Term
| Translation machinery has 4 parts: |
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Definition
| mRNA, tRNA, Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, RIbosome |
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Term
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Definition
| template for translation, contains codons |
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Term
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Definition
| provides physical interface between amino acids and codons- adaptor linking mRNA and amino acids |
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Term
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
| couples amino acids to specific tRNAs that recognize the codons; molecules that "know" the genetic code. Precise recognition of tRNAs. |
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Term
| tRNAs in the A-site of the ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
| tRNAs in the P site of the ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase... |
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Definition
| performs proofreading and editing |
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Term
| The information for protein synthesis is in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein coding region of each mRNA made of contiguous, non-overlapping string of codons |
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Term
| True/False: Each ORF can specify multiple proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| In Prokaryotes, the start codon is |
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Definition
| usually AUG, sometimes GUG |
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Term
| In Eukaryotes, the start codon is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| having one open reading frame |
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Term
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Definition
| having multiple open reading frames |
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Term
| Eukaryotes are (mono/poly)cistronic |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotes are (mono/poly)cistronic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosome binding site for prokaryotes |
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Term
| Alligns the ribosome w/ the beginning of the ORF in prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
| Translate nucleotide sequence information into amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| site of attachment of amino acids in tRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| part of tRNA containing an anticodon that binds to start codon of mRNA in translation |
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Term
| Transcription and translation machinery are in the same region in |
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Definition
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Term
| Transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enhances level of translation in mRNA |
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Term
| 5' cap and 3' poly A tail |
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Definition
| protect eukaryotic mRNA from rapid degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| defines the end of the ORF and signals termination of polypeptide synthesis |
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Term
| First step of aminoacyl-tRNA synthease reaction |
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Definition
| Adenylylation (transfer of AMP) |
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Term
| Second step of Aminoacyl-tRNA synthease reaction |
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Definition
| Charging of amino acids (transfer of aas to the acceptor arm of tRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of peptidyl transferase center, peptide bond formation in translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Decoding center where charged tRNA reads the codon |
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Term
| How many amino acids can be synthesized from a 3-base codon alphabet |
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Definition
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Term
| True/false: translation takes place in the 5'-3' direction |
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Definition
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Term
| The major point of gene regulation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1 aa-->1 tRNA-->multiple codons; the base at 5' end of the anticodon is not as spatially confined as the other two, allowing it to form H bonds w/ any of several bases |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be paired with C, U or A; derived from enzymatic modification of Adenine |
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Term
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Definition
| In prokaryotes, prevents tRNA binding to small subunit that will become part of the A site |
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Term
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Definition
| GTPase that interacts w/ small subunit, IF1, and charged initiator fMet-tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to small subunit E-site and blocks it from reassociating w/ large subunit |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Conformation change in small RS leads to release of |
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Definition
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Term
| Translocation of tRNAs/mRNA is driven by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| relative movement between ribosome and mRNA by 1 codon |
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Term
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Definition
| required for Translocation; precedes translocation and accelerates it |
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Term
| Termination of translation |
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Definition
| Release of polypeptide, release of tRNAs and mRNA from ribosome |
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Term
| Release factor recognizes stop codon by |
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Definition
| peptide anticodon (SPF motif) in release-factor based on protein-RNA interaction |
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Term
| Ribosome release factor and EF-G stimulate release of |
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Definition
| tRNA and mRNA from terminated ribosome |
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Term
| Bacterial translation is regulated by |
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Definition
| interfering with initiation process by inhibiting RBS |
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Term
| Eukaryotic translation is regulated by |
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Definition
| interfering with binding of eIF4 to 4E |
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Term
| Gene expression is controlled by |
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Definition
| regulatory proteins (transcription factors) by binding to regulatory sequences |
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Term
| Two players in positive control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can overcome catabolic repression |
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Term
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Definition
CAP (Catabolic Activator Protein) or
CRP (cAMP Receptor protein) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Binding specificity of DNA is determined by |
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Definition
| DNA recognition code on the edges of base pair can be read by amino acids in proteins |
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Term
| Helix-Turn-Helix motif (HTH) |
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Definition
| Simplest and most common DNA binding motif; specificity depends on amino acids in the recognition helix (C helix) |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotes wrapped in histones |
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Term
| True/False: Eukaryotic genes have less extensive regulatory elements than Prokaryotic ones |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: Having more extensive regulatory sequences means that some regulators bind sites far from the genes they control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| block activation of the promoter by activators bound at the enhancer in eukaryotic genes |
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Term
| Eukaryotic activators mainly function by |
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Definition
| recruitment of various protein complexes |
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Term
| Which gene is activated depends on |
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Definition
| which gene has the Transcription Factor machinery on it |
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Term
| Recruitment of nucleosome modifiers can |
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Definition
| activate a gene packaged within chromatin |
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Term
| Two types of Nucleosome modifications |
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Definition
| HATs (add acetyl group) and Nucleosome modifier (ATP dependent activity of SWI/SNF; displace the nucleosome |
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Term
| Histone acetyltransferase |
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Definition
| Histone tail modifications create binding sites for chromatin-modifying enzymes |
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Term
| Eukaryotic repressors function by |
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Definition
| inhibiting transcriptional regulators (activators, chromatin-modifiers etc) |
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