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| A change in a genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell |
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| Worked with 2 strains of bacteria: 1 pathogenic and 1 harmless |
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Began purifying different components of "smooth" bacteria to try and transform "rough".
14 years later: nucleic acids that could transform the bacteria (no one believed him) |
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| Life stripped down to its' barest element: reproduction |
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Used bacteriophages to figure out where our genetic information comes from .
Found that nucleic acids supply the genetic information |
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1. The base composition varies across species
2. A# = T# and C# = G# |
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Solved the puzzle of DNA structure using X-ray crystallography.
Discovered that DNA was helical and had uniform diameter |
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Semiconservative model
Experiment with 14N and 15N banding positions |
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Specific sequence of nucleotides
Sequence can be read and machinery knows where to start |
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| Enzymes that untwist the doube helix at the replication forks, separating the 2 parental strands and making them available as templates |
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| Single-strand binding proteins |
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Definition
| Bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them apart/from repairing |
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Enables the helix to spin
Breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands |
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A short stretch of RNA
The initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis |
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Synthesizes primer - makes RNA primer for DNA
Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide, adding RNA nucleotides one at a time |
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Definition
Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain
Responsible for making the covalent bonds between the 3' and -OH and 5' and phosphate |
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Definition
Has exonuclease acitivity
It can remove nucleotides - replaces wrong ones with the right ones |
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| Link the Okazaki fragments together via a covalent bond between the sugar and phosphate |
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| If errors in nucleotides evade proofreading by DNA Pol, other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted form replication errors |
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| DNA-cutting enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand containing the damage |
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| Short nucleotide sequence at the ends of DNA molecules (TTAGGG) |
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Enzyme that uses RNA template to keep adding the hexomers onto the ends of chromosomes
Restore telomeres to original length and compensate for shortening |
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| Responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin |
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