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i. Studied variation in pea plants
ii. First to study inheritance using controlled experiments
iii. Discovered the laws of inheritance—discrete factors (genes) are passed on from parent to offspring |
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b. T.H. Morgan (Early 1900-1920’s)
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i. Development of the chromosomal theory of inheritance; theorized that Mendel’s factors are located on chromosomes
ii. Studied eye color in fruit flies—he showed that the gene for eye color is located on X chromosome |
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Studied streptococcus bacteria; what he showed was that a non-pathogenic strain could be transformed into a pathogenic strain by mixing the 2 strains together (live non-pathenogenic + heat killed pathogenic. Something (DNA) in heat killed mixture “transformed” the R strain into a pathogenic strain. Bust most people didn’t believe that DNS was cause
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
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| Studied a bacteriophage= a virus that infects bacteria (studied e-coli). Composed of only protein and DNA..—put 2 different radioactive tracers on the protein and DNA of Phage; They showed that the infected bacteria became radioactive when tracer was on virus DNS. Therefore the DNA, not protein was on the genetic material |
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| e. (Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin) James Watson and Francis Crick |
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they determined the structure of DNA using x-ray diffraction—they discovered that DNA was a helix, that it was a double helix and they also figured out the base-pair rules (A w/ T and C w/ G).
i. Wilkins, Watson and Crick won the Nobel prize in 1962Know the parts of a nucleotide, where the 5' and 3' positions of a nucleotide are, and how to recognize the 5’ and 3’ ends of a DNA strand in a double helix |
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| Describe the accuracy and speed of DNA replication in bacteria and in eukaryotes |
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a. Bacteria: have 1 circular chromosomes ~4.6 million neucleotides long; can be replicated in less than one hour
b. Humans: 46 chromosomes long and linear, total ~6 billion nucleotides of DNA (1000 times more than bacteria); can all be replicated in a few hours
c. Very few errors are made during replication, one in every billion nucleotides—b/c DNA is proofread as its being copied and several DNA repair enzymes fix mistakes in DNA |
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| Explain what an origin of replication and a replication fork is, how many there are in bacteria vs. eukaryotic cells, and how DNA replication is initiated from an origin |
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5. List the names and functions of all the proteins/enzymes involved in DNA replication
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6. Know the rate of DNA polymerase in bacteria and in human cells
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| Explain what kind of nucleoside (triphosphate) is incorporated into DNA during replication, and how the triphosphate portion of the nucleotide provides energy for the synthesis reaction |
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| Explain what is meant by the antiparallel arrangement of DNA strands; know which is the 5' end and which is the 3' end of a DNA strand. |
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9. Explain the polarity of DNA polymerase -- know in which direction it works as it adds nucleotides to new DNA strands
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10. Explain the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand during DNA replication, and how the DNA is synthesized (continuously or discontinuously) on each type.
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| 11. Describe what Okazaki fragments are, and how they are joined together during replication to form a continuous strand of DNA |
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| 12. Explain why an RNA primer is placed at the beginning of a new strand of DNA during replication, know the name of the enzyme that does this, and know what happens to the primer at the end of replication |
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| 13. Explain why the leading strand needs only 1 primer, whereas the lagging strand needs several primers |
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| 14. Explain the different functions of DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I. |
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| 15. Describe the functions of helicase, single-stranded binding proteins, and topoisomerase during replication |
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| 16. Explain the importance of proofreading and repair of newly replicated DNA and how damage to DNA is dealt with |
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