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| How many electrons can a carbon atom share with other atoms? |
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| Which of the following functional groups is/are characteristic of carbohydrates? |
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| Unsaturated fats are _____ at room temperature and contain _____ carbon-carbon double bonds. |
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| Which polymers are likely to contain phosphorus atoms? |
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What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
-have a nucleiod instead of a nucleus -typically smaller than eukaryotic cells -most have cell walls -have no membrane bound internal organelles |
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| Most membrane lipids are produced in the |
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| The nucleolus is the site of _____ production. |
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Cellular respiration occurs in |
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| Which of the cytoskeletal elements are contractile? |
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| The most common lipid in cell membranes is.... |
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| Which of the following most easily diffuses through the lipids of the plasma membrane? |
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| When plant cells are exposed to a hypotonic solution, they |
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| The uptake of dissolved material by cells is called... |
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| The _____ cell junction in animals is most like plasmodesmata of plants? |
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| The sodium/potassium pump moves ___ potassium ____ the cell. |
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| What are the types of paracrine signaling molecules? |
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Definition
-histamine -nitric oxide -growth factors -prostaglandin |
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Which kind of receptor changes the permeability of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| ion channel-linked receptor |
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The most common second messenger in signal transduction from G protein-linked receptors is... |
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| When small _____ molecules enter cells and bind to intracellular receptors, they often activate or repress _____. |
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TRUE or FALSE Although rare, there are some metabolic energy conversions that are 100% efficient. |
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| The conversion of ATP to ADP is an ____ reaction |
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Oxidations _____ electrons and _____ energy. |
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| During aerobic respiration, ______ is/are reduced when food is oxidized. |
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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the ____ energy. |
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In noncompetitive feedback inhibition, the _____ binds to _____ site of the enzyme |
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Definition
| product; a site different from the active |
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| Electron transfer phosphorylation is important to... |
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Which of the following best describes the ATP yields of metabolism? a. aerobic respiration = anaerobic respiration > fermentation b. aerobic respiration > anaerobic respiration = fermentation c. aerobic respiration > anaerobic respiration > fermentation d. fermentation > aerobic respiration = anaerobic respiration e. fermentation > aerobic respiration > anaerobic respiration |
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Definition
c. aerobic respiration > anaerobic respiration > fermentation |
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In eukaryotes, glycolysis takes place in the _____ and the Krebs cycle takes place in the _____. |
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| The carbon-containing end product of the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is... |
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During alcohol (yeast) fermentation, the terminal electron acceptor is... |
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| When photons of light hit photosensitive pigments in the chloroplasts, _____ are raised to a higher energy level. |
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| What colors of light are most useful photosynthetically? |
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Definition
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| Chlorophyll is located in the _____ and electron transfer proteins are located in the _____ of the chloroplasts. |
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| In the noncyclic light dependent reactions, replacement electrons for those lost by chlorophyll come from... |
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NAD+ is an electron acceptor important to... |
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Definition
| fermentation and respiration |
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| ATP production in photosynthesis is dependent on... |
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During the cyclic light dependent reactions, _______ is/are produced. |
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____ plants are able to survive dry climates by first fixing CO2 into oxaloacetate. |
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| To form nucleosomes, DNA winds around... |
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The longest phase in the cell cycle is usually the _____ phase. |
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In mitosis, chromatids of one chromosome separate into individual chromosomes during... |
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In _____ , meiosis leads directly to gamete formation. |
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| In meiosis, DNA replication occurs during... |
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Mitotic cell division can start with _____ cell. |
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| The enzyme used in transcription is called... |
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| The template strand used in transcription is... |
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The subunits joined together during transcription are... |
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The enzyme(s) used for _____ is/are RNA molecules. |
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| Before mRNA can be used by _____, _____ have to be removed. |
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What are the mRNA stop codons? |
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Consider the two statements below: A. One tRNA may match with more than one mRNA codon.
B. One tRNA may combine with more than one amino acid. Which is true, which is false? |
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| _____ viruses need reverse transcriptase to survive. |
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If a DNA strand changes from ATTCG to ATTCCG, the mutation I called a _____ mutation. |
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Mutagens usually work by altering the distribution of ____ in nucleotides. |
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In bacteria, operons for most _____ pathways are under negative control. |
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In _____ organisms, genes that code for enzymes in the same pathway are usually controlled together. |
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Repressors bind to the _____ gene. |
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RNA polymerase binds to the _____ gene. |
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Consider the two statements below: A In inducible (catabolic) operons like lac, the repressor is usually activated by the substance to be broken down. B. In inducible (catabolic) pathways, the promoter is always active. Which is true; which is false? |
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Consider the two statements below: A In repressible (anabolic) operons like trp, the repressor is usually activated by the end product B. In repressible (anabolic) pathways, the promoter is always active. Which is true; which is false? |
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Genes that are always turned on are called... |
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When the timing of mRNA modification affects which proteins are made, control is said to be... |
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When the proteins must be modified before they are used, control is said to be... |
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Transcriptional control is found in _____ organisms. |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic |
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Post translational control is found in _____ organisms. |
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Restriction enzymes are isolated from... |
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Restriction enzymes are classified as... |
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cDNA is produced by making a DNA copy of... |
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In gene transfers, ______ are used as vectors. |
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