Term
| exploring the unconscious |
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Definition
stressed unconscious= major part of personality
-to get access to unconscious:
--Freudian slips (result from...)
--free association |
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Definition
one of the three levels of the mind
--everything we are aware of at that moment |
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one of the three levels of the mind
--what we can easily bring into the conscious |
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Definition
one of the three levels of the mind
--everything that we are unaware of |
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Definition
personality develops as a result of conflict b/w aggressive, pleasure-seeking biological impulses and internalized social restraints holding them back
--try to resolve conflict in ways that are satisfying but don't make us feel guilty or punished
--3 parts
-ID
-Ego
-Superego |
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Term
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Definition
part of personality --> born with it; completely unconscious
-contains psychic energy & instincts (drives) in response to bio need
2 types of instincts
-eros= life instinct; use to survive
-thanatos= death instinct; drive toward destruction |
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Definition
energy that drives instincts as part of ID
(ex: thirsty --> says to drink) |
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Definition
| ID operates under this principle where you gain pressure immediately |
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Definition
part of personality --> helps us to function in an environment and be logical
--deals w/ conscious thought
--deals with anxiety which produced by conflicts b/w ID & superego w/ defense mechanisms |
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Definition
principle that the ego operates under
--only way that the ego can satisfy the ID is if those ways are realistic & available |
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Definition
part of personality that deals w/ moral standards that constrict ID
-operates on conscious and unconscious levels
-2 subsystems
-conscience
-ego-ideal
(ex: car broken down, ID says run; superego says stay; ego=compromise) |
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Definition
| part of superego that determines right from wrong and keeps you safe |
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Definition
| part of superego that engages in right behavior and makes you feel good |
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Definition
during 5 stages, pleasure center moves to different erogenous zones --> unconscious conflict takes place
-if conflict not resolved --> libido is fixated (stuck, possibly forever)
1) oral stage
2) anal stage
3) phallic stage
4) latency stage
5) genital stage |
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Term
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Definition
stage of psychosexual development --> birth to 18 mos
-receive pleasure from mouth
-rely on others to meet needs
-demands met through sucking, biting
-when taken off oral feeding --> conflict
-oral-dependent personality
-oral-aggressive personality |
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Term
| oral-dependent personality |
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Definition
part of oral stage
-too much oral gratification, later on in life --> gullible, passive, overeat |
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Term
| oral-aggressive personality |
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Definition
part of oral stage
-person can be pessimistic, argumentative, sarcastic |
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Term
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Definition
stage of psychosexual development --> 18 mos to 3 years
-enjoyment is defecating --> conflict= learning toilet training
-if parents too strict --> child can become anal retentive (hold bowl movements --> hyper organized, stubborn, compulsive) or anal explosive personality (go everywhere) |
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Term
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Definition
stage of psychosexual development --> 3 to 5 years old
-pleasure area is genitals
-boys may experience Oedipus complex (sexual feelings toward mother) yet b/c in competition w/ father --> castration anxiety
-girls may experience Electra complex (sexual feelings toward father yet b/c see parent's affection --> penis envy
-for complexes to be resolved --> identification must occur --> superego gains strength and children incorporate parent (of same sex's) values into own personality
-Freud believed through identification w/ same sex parent --> develop gender identity |
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Definition
stage of psychosexual development --> 6 to 12 years old
-repress sexual desire; focus= meeting expectations others share of them
-if don't meet expectations --> feel inferior |
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Term
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Definition
stage of psychosexual development --> adulthood
-develop sexual interest toward opposite sex and have the ability to satisfy unfulfilled desires from infancy, childhood |
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Term
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Definition
anxiety produced through conflict between ID and superego
-ego reduces anxiety this way
-2 common characteristics
--operate unconsciously
--distort, deny, falsify reality
-out of 9, only 1 is considered healthy
--denial
--repression
--projction
--identification
--regression
--intellectualization
--reaction formation
--sublimation
--rationalization |
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Definition
| defense mechanism where you don't accept the truth |
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Definition
| defense mechanism where you push down painful memories into the unconscious |
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Definition
| defense mechanism where you throw undesirable thoughts/ feelings onto someone else (you still love me) |
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| defense mechanism where you take on the characteristics of another individual |
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| defense mechanism where you revert back to childhood behavior |
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| defense mechanism where you take an academic stance to a problem |
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Definition
| defense mechanism where you do the opposite of what you think or feel |
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| defense mechanism where you convert anxiety into a socially accepted behavior |
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Definition
| defense mechanism where you come up with beneficial ending to an undesirable behavior |
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Definition
neo-freudian and psychodynamic therapist
-libido represents all life forces
--goal of personality development= individuation (becoming a whole person)
-conscious and unconscious mind --> ego
--2 parts
1) personal unconscious
2) collective unconscious
-people have two personality types:
1) introvert=shy, insecure
2) extrovert= outgoing, social
people either:
-rational individual= regulate actions by thinking self through
-irrational individual= going by intuition |
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Term
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Definition
one of the parts of the ego under Carl Jung
-holds repressed thoughts, memories, may become aware if something triggers to conscious
-contains complexes --> some sort of painful memory we don't want to face |
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Definition
one of the parts of the ego under Carl Jung
-inherited & holds common elements shared b/w cultures, religions, etc.
-contains archetypes --> thoughts/ emotions everyone shares
--5 archetypes
1) persona
2) anima
3) animus
4) self
5) shadow |
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Definition
one of the 5 archetypes as part of collective unconscious
-everyone has one --> mask we show to others |
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Definition
one of the 5 archetypes as part of collective unconscious
--female characteristics that are expressed in males |
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Definition
one of the 5 archetypes as part of collective unconscious
--male characteristics that are expressed in females |
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Definition
one of the 5 archetypes as part of collective unconscious
--where our conscious & collective unconscious come together |
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Definition
one of the 5 archetypes as part of collective unconscious
--behavior we don't want to show others --> socially unacceptable |
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Definition
neo-freudian and psychodynamic theorist
--people born with positive motives; strike for personal and social perfection
--personality develops through compensation --> imagined/ real weakness we think we have and try to overcome
--become so fixated trying to overcome it --> can develop inferiority complex (too fixated on weaknesses) and --> social and emotional paralysis |
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Definition
neo-freudian and psychodynamic theorist
--personality theory based on need for security
-came up w/ basic anxiety --> child's feeling of being alone in unfamiliar world
--to overcome anxiety, develop sense of security --> child uses 1/3 neurotic traits
1) submission- giving in & moving toward people; can develop dependency upon others
2) aggression- moving against people --> anti-social personality
3) detachment- moving away; loner |
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Term
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Definition
neo-freudian and psychodynamic theorist
-key to personality development --> children need to feel competent/ valuable --> develop sense of identity
--8 psychosocial stages of development
-each stage is a particular challenge/ crisis that needs to be resolved & resolution of the crisis affects how we deal with each subsequent stage
-if earlier crisis isn't handled adequately --> harder time resolving future crisis |
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Term
| the 8 stages of psychodynamic development |
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Definition
1) trust vs. mistrust
2) autonomy vs. shame
3) initiative vs. guilt
4) industry vs. inferiority
5) industry vs. role confusion
6) intimacy vs. isolation
7) generativity vs. stagnation
8) integrity vs. despair |
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Term
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Definition
first stage of psychodynamic development
-0 --> 1 year old
-based on whether the child knows if will be taken care of
-if caretakers return --> trust |
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Definition
second stage of psychodynamic development
-1 --> 3 years
-learning things like walking and talking
-if parents let kids learn on their own --> independence; if parents restrict activities --> shame and doubt |
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Definition
third stage of psychodynamic development
-3 --> 6 years old
--want to go out into environment and explore
-if parents encourage child they gain initiative, and if they reprimand their child, guilt |
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Term
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Definition
fourth stage of psychodynamic development
-7-11
-learning to take care of self
-if allowed to do things on own, become industrious
-if held back --> inferiority |
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Term
| industry vs. role confusion |
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Definition
fifth stage of psychodynamic development
-12-20 years
-trying to learn where fit in with a bunch of different roles --> if learn= identity & if don't know --> role confusion
-important others see you as you see yourself |
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Term
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Definition
sixth stage of psychodynamic development
-20-30 years old
-according to Erikson, intimacy only if have secure identity
-if no identity --> isolation |
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Term
| generativity vs. isolation |
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Definition
seventh stage of psychodynamic development
-30-60 years old
-according to Erikson, if person has gone through first 6 stages, will be happy & in order to stay happy have to give back
-if don't give back --> midlife crisis |
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Term
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Definition
-last (8th) stage of psychodynamic development
-60+ years
-person reflects back on everything he/she has done in life & if no regrets, can face impending death w/o fear; if have regrets --> despair |
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Term
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Definition
part of assessing unconscious processes
-ambiguous stimuli= elicit unlimited number of responses
-2 major tests:
1) Rorschach inkblot --> 10; hold up, say 1st thing that comes to mind
2) thematic apperception test (TAT)--> given 20 pics and have to make up story about them |
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Term
| humanistic perspective on personality |
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Definition
-all humanistic perspectives have holistic view= personality cannot be broken down under humanistic perspective
-people born good & have the ability to determine destiny through free will (ability to affect our own destiny)
-focus= person's self-concept & self-actualization |
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Definition
part of humanistic perspective
-how we feel about self
-determined through interaction w/ others |
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Definition
-part of humanistic perspective
-being best you can be as determined by free will |
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Term
| Abraham Maslow's self-actualizing person |
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Definition
-hierarchy of needs --> self actualization is at the top
-in order to move up, must fulfill level currently at |
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Term
| Carl Roger's person-centered perspective |
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Definition
-people are born w/ genetic blueprint= born w/ certain capabilities/ potentials
-came up w/ self theory |
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Term
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Definition
Carl Roger's theory as part of person centered perspective
-key concept= self
-organized, consistent set of beliefs/ perceptions about self --> developed in response to life experiences
-if self concept (which is ideal self) does not coincide w/ actual thoughts/ behaviors (real self) --> incongruence
-conditions of worth can distort self-concept --> instead of imposing conditions of worth, should treat us w/ unconditioned pos regard (always accepting)
-usually people treated w/ conditional positive regard (only love you if...) --> regardless, people can be fully functioning (only if self-concept closely matches w/ genetic blueprint) |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent characteristics of personality that can be used to predict behavior |
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Definition
1 of 2 ways of doing research on trait theories
-commonalities of traits that all people share |
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Term
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Definition
1 of 2 ways of doing research on trait theories
-traits that are unique to each individual |
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Term
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Definition
-scientists that determined the dimensions of personality
-use factor analysis to create different categories of traits
--used correlations b/w traits to see which traits cluster together as factors |
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Term
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Definition
trait perspective theorist
-research focused on person's conscious motivation and personal traits
-three levels:
1) cardinal
2) central
3) secondary |
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Definition
one of Gordon Allport's three levels of traits
-trait that takes over/ influences a person
--dominates behavior
--not everyone develops it |
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Definition
one of Gordon Allport's three levels of traits
-primary traits/ characteristics
--more apparent to others; shape most of our personality |
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Term
| secondary level of traits |
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Definition
one of Gordon Allport's three levels of traits
-traits that are apparent only in certain situations
--have limited occurrences (like a second language) |
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Term
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Definition
-trait perspective theorist
-saw traits in two ways
1) surface trait --> one that is apparent to others
2) source trait --> trait that is hidden (make up our surface traits)
-used factor analysis to come up w/ 16 different traits
-big five (five factor model)
--1) extroversion
--2) agreeableness
--3) conscientiousness
--4) emotional stability
--5) culture/ intellect/ openness |
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Definition
one of the traits of Raymond Cattell's "Big Five"
-warmth, sociability, assertiveness, activity, excitement, positive emotions |
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Definition
one of the traits of Raymond Cattell's "Big Five"
-trust, straightforward, altruistic, compliant, modesty, tender-minded |
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Definition
one of the traits of Raymond Cattell's "Big Five"
-completely orderly, dutifulness, achievement, striving, self-discipline, thinking |
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Definition
one of the traits of Raymond Cattell's "Big Five"
-anxiety, hostility, depression, self-conscious, impulsive, vulnerable |
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Term
| culture/intellect/ openness |
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Definition
one of the traits of Raymond Cattell's "Big Five"
-fantasy, aesthetic, feelings, actions, ideals, values |
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Term
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Definition
part of assessing traits
-tests given/scored according to standard procedure
-usually requires yes/ no answer; can be m.c.
-most widely used tests
-aka self-report tests
-3 of them
1) minnesota muliphasic personality inventory
2) 16 personality factor questionnaire
3) NEO-PI-R |
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Term
| minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2) |
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Definition
-one of the three objective tests for assessing traits
--yes/no/maybe answer to 704 m.c. q's
-diagnoses psychiatric disorders; for 18 or younger participants |
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Term
| 16 personality factor questionnaire |
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Definition
-one of the three objective tests for assessing traits
-Pattel; 173 q's given w/ score on 16 personality factors |
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Term
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Definition
-one of the three objective tests for assessing traits
-big 5 traits tested
-240 questions on five point scale |
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Definition
part of social-cognitive perspective
-interpretations of events that provide the basis for personality
-> the second part of word= developed/ modified in social learning environment |
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Definition
-social-cognitive perspective theorist
-used reciprocal determinism to explain behavior
--person's characteristics, traits, behavior, and environment all affect one another
-believed in expectancies (anticipation in situation we are in because we acted a certain way)
-said expectancies led to performance standards (how we rate ourselves after behaving in situations)
-believed that if people meet performance standards, develop self-effacy (what shapes our personality; if personality standards & expectations coincide= self effacies) |
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Term
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Definition
key concept=locus of control
-2 kinds
1) internal- based on own decisions
2) external- successes/ failures attributed to environment |
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Term
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Definition
he created the personal construct theory
-in attempts to understand world, developed own system of personal constructs (how we interpret events)
-constructs-pairs of opposites like exiting/ boring
-theory based on fudamental postulate --> can base future behavior on how we behaved in the past |
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Definition
theory= learning helpfulness
-learning to be hopeless/ helpless in situation b/c unable to avoid repeated aversive events
-occurs in humans & animals |
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Definition
part of exploring the self
-tendency to overestimate other people taking notice of/ evaluating our appearance, performance in everyday actions |
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Definition
part of exploring the self
-our readiness to perceive ourselves in favorable light
-take credit for good & attribute bad to outside factors |
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