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Definition
| the faculty for recalling past events and past learning |
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Term
| Three Basic Activities of Memory |
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Definition
| Encoding, Storage, Retrieval |
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| a basic activity of memory, involving the recording of information in our brain. |
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| a basic activity of memory, involving the retention of information for later use. |
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| a basic activity of memory, involving recovery of information when we need it later. |
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| Information-Processing Model of Memory |
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Definition
- View of memory
- Information moves among three memory stores during encoding, storage and retrieval.
- Sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory |
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- A part of short-term memory, Information-Processing Model
- Repeats what we want to remember to keep active in memory
- "Little voice in your head" |
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- A part of short-term memory, Information-Processing Model
- Temporarily stores images and spatial locations |
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- Known as "working memory" by experimental psychologists
- Known as "executive functioning" by neuropsychologists |
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Parallel Distributed-Processing (PDP) model
OR
Connectionist Model |
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Definition
- Theory of memory
- Suggests information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks. |
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| encoding information with little conscious awareness or effort. |
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| encoding information through careful attention and conscious effort. |
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- First type of memory
- a detailed, brief sensory image or sound retained for a brief period of time. |
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| a short-term memory store that can hold five to nine items at once |
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Definition
| conscious repetition of information in an attempt to make sure the information is encoded (into memory). |
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- Memory System
- Holds all of the information we have previously gathered
- Available for retrieval and use in new situation |
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Definition
| facilitated encoding of material through rehearsal situations spread out over time. ie. Studying throughout the semester rather than cramming the night before |
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| cognitive representation of information or an event based on the meaning of the information |
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| techniques used to enhance the meaningfulness of information as a way of making them more memorable. ie. E-G-B-D-F, Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge |
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Definition
| knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences or other knowledge bases. |
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Definition
| maximum number of items that can be recalled in the correct order |
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| grouping bits of information together to enhance ability to hold that information in working memory. |
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| memory that a person can consciously bring to mind, such as your middle name |
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| memory that a person is not consciously aware of, such as learned motor behaviours, skills, and habits. |
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Definition
- Converted into long-term memories in hippocampus
- Stored permanently in neocortex |
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Term
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Definition
| - Activates the striatum (located towards midline of the brain) |
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| a person's memory of general knowledge of the world |
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| a person's memory of personal events pr episodes from their life |
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Definition
- Procedural Memory (motor skills, habits)
- Classically Conditioned Memory (conditioned responses to stimuli)
- Priming (earlier exposure facilitates retrieval) |
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Definition
| words, sights, or other stimuli that remind us of the information we need to retrieve from our memory. |
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Definition
| activation of one piece of information, which in turns leads to activation of another piece, and ultimately to the retrieval of a specific memory. |
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Definition
| memory tasks in which people are asked to identify whether or not they have seen a particular item before |
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| memory tasks in which people are asked to produce information using no or few retrieval cues |
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Definition
| the original location where you first learned a concept or idea, rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely you will be able to recall that information later if you are in that same location or context. |
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| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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Definition
| a theoretical framework that asserts that memory retrieval is similar to the information available at the time of encoding |
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Definition
| memory retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind in which you encoded the memory in the first place |
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Definition
| detailed and near-permanent memories of an emotionally significant event, or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about the even (eg. 9/11) |
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| the inability to recall information that was previously encoded into memory |
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| theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over a long period of time |
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Definition
| theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over a long period of time |
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| theory that forgetting is influenced by what happens to people before or after they take information in |
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| competing information that is learned BEFORE the forgotten material, preventing its subsequent recall |
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Term
| Retroactive RecaAALLALLllLAaaalLLLL |
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Definition
| learning of new information that disrupts access to previously recalled informatioñññNNNNNNN |
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Term
| Retroactive RecaAALLALLllLAaaalLLLL |
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Definition
| learning of new information that disrupts access to previously recalled informatioñññNNNNNNN |
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Definition
| process in which we unconsciously prevent some traumatic events from entering our awareness do that we do not have to experience the anxiety or blows to our self concept that the memories would bring. |
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| remembering information, but not the source it came from; can lead to remembering information from unreliable sources as true |
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Term
| What are we going to get on this final? |
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Definition
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Definition
- important brain structure located just behind the forehead
- implicated in working memory |
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Definition
| Hippocampus and Neocortex |
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Term
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Definition
- Converts memories to long-term
- Stores memories temporarily
- Sends memories to areas of neo cortex for long term storage
- Specifically important for autobiographical info and spatial layouts |
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Definition
a phenomenon where repeated stimulation of certain nerve ells in the brain greatly increases the likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future stimulation.
- Particularly likely in neural circuits that use glutamate |
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Definition
- Plays role in encoding new memories and retrieval of existing memories
- Controls sleep/wake cycle, which in turn is important for consolidation of long term memories |
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| - Babies spend longer time looking at new objects they haven't seen before. |
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- the inability to remember events from the early years of life
- linked to the slower development of the hippocampus which processes episodic memories |
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Definition
| ability to remember content in the future |
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Definition
| ability to remember content from the past |
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Definition
| organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to remember things that occurred before an organic event. |
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Term
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Definition
| ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event |
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| severe memory problems combined with losses in at least one other cognitive function, such as abstract thinking or language |
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Term
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Definition
twisted protein fibres found within the cells of the hippocampus and certain other brain areas
- More present in alzheimer's disease |
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Term
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Definition
sphere-shaped deposits of a protein known as beta-amyloid that form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and certain other brain regions, as well as in some nearby blood vessels
- More present in alzheimer's disease |
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Term
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Definition
- More Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques
- Less glutamate and acetylcholine
- Most common form of dementia
- Beginning with mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and progressing to difficulty with even simple tasks and recall of long-held memories |
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