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| a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision |
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| tendency to cling to one's initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts or dis- confirms the basis of that belief |
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| the ability to identify and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others |
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the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories
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| gut feeling — that unconscious reasoning that propels us to do something without telling us why or how |
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| suggests that one's language determines the ways one's mind constructs categories |
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| sound or a group of different sounds perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language |
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| region of the brain that is important for language development |
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| intelligence test score/the chronological age for which a given level of performance is typical |
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| Robert Sternberg Three Intelligences |
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| three distinct types of intelligence that a person can possess: practical intelligence, creative intelligence, and analytical intelligence |
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| a test designed to assess what a person has learned |
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| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
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| impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding) |
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| a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn |
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| beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. |
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| linguist that contended that language determines the way we think |
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| controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
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Charles Spearman General Intelligence |
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| believed we have one general intelligence that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
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| mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering,and communicating |
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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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| a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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| the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable |
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| Crystallized Intelligence |
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| our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase in age |
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| a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score |
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| our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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| in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
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| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently |
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| Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligence |
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psychologists that identified seven distinct intelligences (visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, linguistic, and mathematical-logical
He later found another intelligence (naturalist) and now he has a ninth (existential). |
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| a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
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| mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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| mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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| a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores |
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| L.L. Thurstone Primary Mental Abilities |
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| our intelligence may be broken down into 7 factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory |
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| a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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| in a language, a smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (prefix) |
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| inherited or genetic traits |
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| traits you learn from the environment |
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| the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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| the tendency to be more confident than correct-to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
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| a mental image or best example of a concept |
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| a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing |
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| the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test |
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- mostly nouns and verbsTrial and Error
fundamental method of solving problems. It is characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the agent stops trying. |
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| beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements |
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