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| Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity. |
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| Assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus should be directed from above. |
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| Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, meditates conflict, and offers support. |
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| Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals. |
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| A desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard. |
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| Interview process that tasks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales. |
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| organizational psychology |
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| A sub-field of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change. |
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| A sub-field of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development. |
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| industrial-organizational psychology |
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| The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in work places. |
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| A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills. |
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| An enduring sexual attraction towards members of eitherone's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). |
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| A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. |
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| A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. |
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| A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. |
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| The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
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| An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. |
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| An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve. |
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| The body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
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| The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. |
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| The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. |
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| Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. |
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| A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. |
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| A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. |
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| The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. |
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| A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. |
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| A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. |
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| The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. |
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| Adaption-level phenomenon |
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Definition
| Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a "neutral" level defined by our prior experience. |
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| Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indications) to evaluate people's quality of life. |
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| feel-good, do-good phenomenon |
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Definition
| People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. |
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| Emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. |
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| A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration, cardiovascular, and breathing changes). |
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| Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. |
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| The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. |
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| The theory that our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. |
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| A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. |
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