Term
| Why, after friends start dating, do we often feel that we knew they were meant to be together? |
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Definition
| Hindsight Bias- after we've learned a situations outcome that outcome becomes familiar and therefore obvious |
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Term
| how does scientific study attribute to critical thinking? |
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Definition
| Scientif attitude combines: curiosity about the world around us, skepticism toward various claims and ideas, and humility about ones own understanding. evaluating evidence, assessing conclusions, and examining our own assumptions are essential parts of critical thinking |
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Term
| What does a good theory do? |
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Definition
1. Organizes observed facts
2.implies hypothesese that offer a testable predictions and somtimes practical applications |
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Term
| Why is replication important? |
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Definition
| psychologists watch for new findings but they also proceed with caution- by awaiting other inverstigators repreating the research. can the findings be confirmend? |
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Term
| Case studies do not allow us to learn about general principles that apply to all of us. why not? |
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Definition
| A case study is a study of one individual so we cannot be sure that the findings that apply to one would apply to large masses. |
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Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of naturalistic observation such as Mehl and Pennebaker? |
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Definition
| Mehl and Pennebaker were able to carefully observe and record naturally occuring behaviors outside the artificality of the lab. However, outside the lab they were not able to control all the factors that may have influenced the everyday interactions they were recording. |
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Term
| What is a unrepresentative sample and how do researchers avoid it? |
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Definition
| unrepresentative sample: servey group that does not represent the population being studied. random sampling helps because it gives everyone an equal chance of being included. |
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Term
Positive or negative correlation?
1. The more children and youth used various media, the less happy they were with their lives. _______
2. the more sexual content teens saw on tv, the more likely they were to have sex _____
3. The longer children were breat-fed the greater their later academic achievement. _______
4. the more income rose among a sample of poor families, the fewer psychiatric symptoms their children experienced. _________ |
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Definition
1. negative
2. positive
3. positive
4. negaitve |
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Term
| Length of marriage correlated with hair loss in men. does this mean marriage causes men to lose their hair (or that balding men make better husbands)? |
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Definition
| in this case, as in many others a third factor obviously explains the correlations: golden anniverseries and balding both accompany aging. |
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Term
What measure do researchers use to prevent the placebo effect from confusing their results?
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Definition
| research designed to prevent the placebo effect randomly assign participants to experimental groups or to a control group. a comparison of the results will demonstrate if the real treatement produces better results than belief |
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Term
| how are human research participants protected? |
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Definition
| ethics principles develped by international psychological orginizations urge researchers using human subjects to obtain informed consent to pretect them from harm and discomfort to threat their personal info confidentially and to fully debrief all participants. |
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Term
| ______ _______ refers to our tendency to perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact |
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Definition
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Term
as scientists, psychologist
a. approach research with a negative cynicism
b. assume that an article published in a reputable journal must be true
c. believe that every important human question can be studied scientifically
d. are willing to ask questions and to reject calims that cannot be verifed by research |
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Definition
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Term
| predictions implied by a theory are called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following is not one of the techniques psychologists use to observe and describe behavior? |
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Definition
a. case study
b. naturalistic observations
c. correlational research
d. a phone servey
answer C |
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Term
| you wish to take an accurate poll in a certain country by questioning people who truly represent the countrys adult population. therefore you need to ensure that you questions a ____ sample of the population |
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Definition
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Term
| a study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend the less pain medications they reuire during childbirth. this finding can be stated as a ______ correlation |
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Definition
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Term
knowing that two events are correlated provides...
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Definition
a. a bias for prediction
b. an explanation of why the events are related
c. proof that as one increases the other decreases
d. an indication that an underlying third factor is at work
answer:a |
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Term
| to explain behaviors and clarify cause and effects psychologists use _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| to test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control groups and experimental groups. those in the control group take a pill that contains no medicine called a ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| a researcher wants to determine whether noise level affects workers' blood pressure. in one group she vaires the level of noise in the enviroment and records participants blood pressure. in this experiment the level of noise is the |
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Definition
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Term
| the labratory enviroment is designed to.. |
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Definition
a. exactly recreate the events of everyday life
b. recreate osychological forces under controlled conditions
c.create oppertunities for bnaturalistic observation
answer: B |
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