Anatomy:
Is the study of the body's structure

Physiology:

Is the study of the body's function

Know the meaning of the following anatomical/positional terms:

1. Saggital

Divides the body into R and L halves

2. Transverse

Devides body into superior and inferior halves

3. Cornonal (frontal)

Divides body into Ventral (anterior) and Dorsal (posterior)

Positional and Directional Opposities

4. Proxmal

Part of the body that is closer to the center of the body

5. Distal

Situated away from the center of the body or from the point of orgin.

example: The knee is proximal relative to the toes which are distal

6. Medial

Toward the midline

7. Lateral

Away from the midline

example: nose is medial relative to the ears which re more lateral.

7. Cranial

Toward the Head

8. Caudal toward the tail

9. Superficial (extrenal)

external toward the surface of the body

10. Deep (internal)

towards the interior of the body

i.e. the epidermis is superficial while the dermis is deep

.

Adduction: down, toward the body

Abbduction: upward, away from the body

Afferent:

travel toward the CNS

Efferent:

travel away from the CNS

What are the primary components of the Central versus Peripheral Nervous Systems?

CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord

PNS: 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves

the nervces connect o the CNS to various muscles, glands and sensory receptors of the body consitute the PNS.

What are the primary components of Neurons and what are their functions?

They are specialized cells that carry sensory and motor information

Cell bodies and 2 extensions:

1. Dendrites

Afferent extensions/ nerve implulses to the cell body

2. Axons

Efferent, extensions conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body

**extensions receive and transmit info as electro chemical nerve impulses.

1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Brain Stem

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. MIDBRAIN

2. PONS

3. MEDULLA

Lateralizatoin:

is the estanlishment of R and L hemisphere preferences for different functions. Especially for right ahnded individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for many (but not all language functions.)

Localized:  L hemisphere are language symbol storage and manipulation and speech (the motor expression of langauge). 

Contralateral Innervation= Principle that one side of the brain essentially controls teh opposite side of the body (contra means "opposite" and lateral means "side"  i.e. R side of brain controls left side of body

Processing of intonation and melody of speech.

Holistic Functioning: processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide "holistic" picture of one's environment. Visual spatial skills. Holistic functions such as dancing and gymnastics are coordinated by the right hemisphere. Memory is stored in auditory, visual and spatial modalities.

are the language symbol storange and manipulation and speech )the motor expression of language) localized? is dominnant for all language functions but NOT all.

Sequential Analysis: systematic, logical interpretation of information. Interpretation and production of symbolic information:language, mathematics, abstraction and reasoning. Memory stored in a language format.

Comprehension

located in the cerebral cortex

Expressive Language

located in the cerbrel cortex of the brain!

How are Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal systems, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum involved in speech production?

Pyramidal:

Pyramidal Motor Pathway, usually considered the major pathway of voluntary motor control, originates in the cerebral cortex and then decends to brain stem or spenal cord, where it connects with the cranial and spinal nervces.

Extrapyramidal:

Is a loop that connects the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and Thalamus.

Basal Ganglia:

indirectly controls voluntary motor movement

e.g. Speech

Cerebellum (the little brain): 

regulates equilibrium, posture, and coordinated fine motor movements,

- Damage affects speech:

- e.g. ataxic dysarthria

1. Logitudinal Fissure - seperates left and right

2. Fissure of Rolando - seperates front and parietal lob

3. Fissure of Sylvius - the lateral fissure, defines upper border of temporal lobe

1. Diencephalon

-Thalmus: integrates sensory info and relatys it to the

                cerebral cortex

- Hypothalmus - regulates emotion and motivation

2. Mesencephalon

midbrain - contains relay and relfex centers & auditory functions

a pair of nuclei, the inferior colliculus, control auditory reflexes, e.g 0 adjusting ear to loudness of sound.

3. Rectangular Formation

reticular activvating system

-network running up brainsteam from medulla to midbrain

-attention/conciousness

-integrates sensory impulses flowing into and motor impulses flowing out of brain. 

4. Pons

in front of cerebellum

-connects 2 1/2s of cerebellum and each side of side cerebral hemisphere.

-relay station linking cortex to medulla 

5. Medulla Oblongata

- controls breathing essential to sleep, and other vital bodily functions

-sensory & motor nerve fivers cross to the opposite sides as they pass through medulla.

-Brains left half commicates with bodies right half. 

perceives and integrates perceptual information

e.g. touch, temperature, pressure

also involved in comprehension of oral and written language and calculation of mathmatics.

Has two important structures

1. Wernickes Area - crucial to langage comprehension

2. Auditory Cortex - Hershcels Gyrus: Interprets auditory information received from both ears

Perceives and integrates perceptual information

e.g. touich, temperature, presssure

Also involved in comprehension of oral and written language and calculation of mathmatics

2 primary functions:

1. activating and controlling fine motor activities

2. controls "executive function" e.g. proble. solving, planning creating, reasoning, and rationalizing

Also contains:

Broca's Area: coodinates speech movements

Motor Cortex: with the help of the pyramidal tract is invovled in controlling movements of the lips, jaws, tongue and larynx.

Cognition and memory.

Prefrontal area: The ability to concentrate and attend, elaboration of thought. The "Gatekeeper"; (judgment, inhibition). Personality and emotional traits.

Movement:

Motor Cortex (Brodman's): voluntary motor activity.

Premotor Cortex: storage of motor patterns and voluntary activities.

Language: motor speech