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| refers to a combination of long-lasting and distinctive behaviors, theoughts, motives, and emotions that typify how we react and adapt to other people and situations. |
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| organized attempt to describe and explain how personalities develop and why personalities differ. |
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| Freud's Psychodynamic Theory of Personality |
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| emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences, unconscious or repressed thoughts that we cannot voluntarily access, and the conflicts between conscious and unconscious forces that influence our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. |
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| wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment. |
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| represent wishes, desires, or thoughts that because of their disturbing or threatening content, we automatically repress and cannot voluntarily access. |
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| Freudian concept that refers to the influence of repressed thoughts, desires, or impulses on our conscious thoughts and behaviors. |
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| a Freudian technique in which clients are encouraged to talk about any thoughts or images that enter their head; the assumption is that this kind of free-flowing, uncensored talking with provide clues to unconscious material. |
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| a Freudian technique of analyzing dreams, is based on the assumption that dreams contain underlying, kidden meanings and symbols that provide clues to unconscious thoughts and desires; Freud distinguished between the dream's obvious story or plot, called manifest content, and the dream's hidden or disguised meanings or symbols, called latent content. |
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| mistakes or slips of the tongue that we make in everyday speech; such mistakes, which are often embarrassing, are thought to reflect unconscious thoughts or wishes. |
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| Freud's first division of the mind; contains the two biological drives of sex and aggression; its goal is to pursue pleasure and satisfy the biological drives. |
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| Freud's second division of the mind; goal is to find face and socially acceptable ways of satisfying the id's desires and to negotiate between the id and superego. |
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| Freud's third division of the mind; goal is to apply the moral values and standards of one's parents or society in satisfying one's wishes. |
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| Freudian processes that operate at unconscious levels and that use self-deception or untrue explanations to protect the ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety. |
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| involves covering up the true reasons for actions, thoughts, or feelings by making up excuses and incorrect explanations. |
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| refusing to recognize some anxiety-provoking event or piece of information that is clear to others. |
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| involves blocking and pushing unacceptable or threatening feelings, wishes, or experiences into the unconscious. |
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| falsely and unconsciously attributes your own unacceptable feelings, traits, or thoughts to individuals or objects. |
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| involves substituting behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones. |
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| involves transferring feelings about, or response to, an object that causes anxiety to another person or object that is less threatening. |
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| type of displacement; involves redirecting a threatening or forbidden desire, usually sexual, into a socially acceptable one. |
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| refers to a Freudian process through which an individual may be locked into a particular psychosexual stage because his/her wishes were over/under-gratified. |
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| Jung; consists of ancient memory traces and symbols that are passed on by birth and are shared by all peoples in all cultures. |
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| Implicit/Nondeclarative Memory |
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| consists of mental and emotional processes that we are unaware of but that bias and influence our conscious feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. |
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| Phenomenological Perspective |
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| means that your perception or view of the world, whether or not it is accurate, becomes your reality. |
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| means that a person's personality is more than the sum of its individual parts; instead, the individual parts form a unique and total entity that functions as a unit. |
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| refers to our inherent tendency to develop and reach our true potentials. |
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| physiological and psychological needs that we try to fulfill if they are not met. |
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| those at the higher levels and include the desire for truth, goodness, beauty, and justice. |
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| Self or Self-Actualization Theory |
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| based on two major assumptions: that personality development is guided by each person's unique self-actualization tendency, and that each of us has a personal need for positive regard. |
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| Roger's Self-Acutalizing Tendency |
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| refers to an inborn tendency for us to develop all of our capacities in ways that best maintain and benefit our lives. |
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| refers to how we see or describe ourselves; the self is made up of many self-perceptions, abilities, personality characteristics, and behaviors that are organized and consistent with one another. |
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| Rogers; based on our actual experiences and represents how we really see ourselves. |
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| Rogers; based on our hopes and wishes and reflects how we would like to see ourselves. |
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| Conditional Positive Regard |
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| refers to the positive regard we receive if we behave in certain acceptable ways, such as living up to or meeting the standards of others. |
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| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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| refers to the warmth, acceptance, and love that others show you because you are valued as a human being even though you may disappoint people by behaving in ways that are different from their standards or values or the way they think. |
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| require an individual to look at some meaningless object or ambiguous photo and describe what they see. |
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| used to assess personality by showing a person a series of ten inkblots and then asking the person to describe what he or she thinks the images are. |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| involves showing a person a series of 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations and asking the person to make up a story about what the people are doing or thinking in each situation. |
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| means that the test measures accurately what it says it measures. |
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| refers to having a consistent score at different times; able to be repeated. |
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