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Definition
| involves retrieving previously learned information without the aid of or with very few external cues. |
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| involves identifying previously learned information with the help of more external cues. |
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| says that we store related ideas in separate categories, or files, called nodes; as we make associations among information, we create links among thousands of nodes, which make up a gigantic interconnected network of files for storing and retrieving information. |
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Definition
| memory files that contain related information organized around a specfic topic or category. |
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| refers to the arrangement of nodes or memory files in a certain order or hierarchy; at the botton of the hierarchy are nodes with very concrete information, which are connected to nodes with somewhat more specific information, which in turn are connected to nodes with general or abstract information. |
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| measures the amount of previously learned information that subjects can recall or recognize across time. |
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| refers to the inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory. |
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| a mental process that automatically hides emotionally threatening or anxiety-producing information in the unconscious; once in the unconscious, the memories cannot be recalled voluntarily, but something may cause them to enter consciousness at a later time. |
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| mental reminders that we create by forming vivid mental images or creating associations between new information and information we already know. |
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| one of the common reasons for forgetting; the recall of some particular memory is blocked or prevented by other related memories. |
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| says that we may forget information not because it is no longer in storage or memory but rather because old or newer related information produces confusion and thus blocks retrieval from memory. |
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Definition
| occurs when old information (learned earlier) blocks or disrupts the remembering of realted new information (learned later) |
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| occurs when new information (learned later) blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier). |
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Term
| Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon |
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Definition
| refers to having a strong feeling that a particular word can be recalled, but despite making a great effort, we are temporarily unable to recall this particular information; later, in a different situation, we may recall the information. |
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Term
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Definition
| means it is easier to recall information when you are in the same physiological or emotional state or setting as when you originally encoded the information. |
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| location of short-term memory and long-term memory |
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| Hippocampus (location of 1) |
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Definition
| location of transferring memories |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of interconnected neurons whose activation allows information or stumuli to be recognized and held briefly and temporarily in short-term memory. |
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| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| refers to the increased sensitivity of a neuron to stimulation after it has been repeatedly stimulated; changes the STRUCTURE of the neuron. |
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Definition
| ways to improve encoding and create better retrieval cues by forming vivid associations or images, which improve recall. |
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| an encoding technique that creates visual associations between already memorized places and new items to be memorized. |
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| an encoding technique that creates associations between number-word rhymes and items to be memorized. |
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| refers to recalling or recognizing a suspect observed during a potentially very disrupting and distracting emotional situation that may have interfered with accurate remembering. |
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| a memory error that results when a person has difficulty in deciding which of two or more sources a memory came from: was the source something the person saw or imagined, or was it a suggestion? |
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Definition
| a technique for questioning people, such as eyewitnesses, by having them imagine and reconstruct the details of an event, report everything they remember without holding anything back, and narrate the event from different view points. |
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