Term
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Definition
| the gel-like substance residing within the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures( called organelles), outside the nucleus. |
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Definition
| a specilized subunit within the cell that has a specifc function, and is usually seperatly enclosed within its own lipid bilayer |
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Definition
| is a network of flattened sacs and branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. These sacs and tubules are all interconnected by a single continuous membrane so that the organelle has only one large, highly convoluted and complexly arranged lumen (internal space).The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures, processes, and transports a wide variety of biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Golgi apparatus is often considered the distribution and shipping department for the cell's chemical products. It modifies proteins and lipids (fats) that have been built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export outside of the cell or for transport to other locations in the cell. Proteins and lipids built in the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum bud off in tiny bubble-like vesicles that move through the cytoplasm until they reach the Golgi complex. The vesicles fuse with the Golgi membranes and release their internally stored molecules into the organelle. Once inside, the compounds are further processed by the Golgi apparatus, which adds molecules or chops tiny pieces off the ends. When completed, the product is extruded from the GA in a vesicle and directed to its final destination inside or outside the cell. |
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Definition
| The main function of these microscopic organelles is to serve as digestion compartments for cellular materials that have exceeded their lifetime or are otherwise no longer useful. In this regard, the lysosomes recycle the cell's organic material in a process known as autophagy. Lysosomes break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which are then transferred back into the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials. To accomplish the tasks associated with digestion, the lysosomes utilize about 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes, all of which are manufactured in the endoplasmic reticulum and modified in the Golgi apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbodies are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of almost all cells, roughly spherical, and bound by a single membrane.They are the most common microbodies.They use oxygen in their process. Peroxisomes contain a variety of enzymes, which primarily function together to rid the cell of toxic substances, and in particular, hydrogen peroxide (a common byproduct of cellular metabolism). These organelles contain enzymes that convert the hydrogen peroxide to water, rendering the potentially toxic substance safe for release back into the cell. Some types of peroxisomes, such as those in liver cells, detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to molecules of oxygen (a process termed oxidation). Others are more important for their ability to initiate the production of phospholipids, which are typically used in the formation of membranes. |
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Definition
| Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles that can be considered the power generators of the cell, converting oxygen and nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the chemical energy "currency" of the cell that powers the cell's metabolic activities. This process is called aerobic respiration and is the reason animals breathe oxygen. Without mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion), higher animals would likely not exist because their cells would only be able to obtain energy from anaerobic respiration (in the absence of oxygen), a process much less efficient than aerobic respiration. |
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Definition
| a small pit, depression, or invagination, such as any of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis, which close and then pinch off to form small, free, fluid-filled vesicles in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| is the blood brain barrier understood ? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the blue dye theory? |
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Definition
| it showed that only high lipid molecules can make it through the blood brain barrier. The brain is very selective and semi-permiable.Some bacteria can pass through some can't. No blue brain and CNS. |
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Term
| what can pass through the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
high lipid solubles
anasetics( helps put to sleep during surgery). |
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Term
| How did Micheal Jackson died? |
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Definition
| died of propofol ( anesetic). should have been done in the hospital but it had been done in his home. HOMOCIDE! drug was in a high lipid form. |
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Term
| In most parts of the body the smallest blood vessels are called capillaries and are lined with what cells? how are these cells different in the brain? |
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Definition
endothelial cells which have small spaces between each individual cell so substances can move easily between the inside and outside of the vessels.
- However, in the brain, the endothelial cells fit tightly together and substances cannot pass out of the bloodstream. (Some molecules, such as glucose, are transported out of the blood by special methods.) |
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Term
| explain the 3 functions of the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
1. protect the brain from foreign substances
2. allow hormones and neurotransmitters to work in rest of the body without effecting the brain
3. maintain a constant enviroment for the brain |
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Term
| what are three characteristics that inhibit the passage through the barrier? |
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Definition
large molecule size
low lipid solubility
highly charged molecules |
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Term
| what are some things that can alter the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
hypertension
development
hyperosmolity (increase salt)
radiation
infection
trauma
ischemia (lack of blood flow)
inflammation
pressure |
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Term
| why do cells adapt to their enviroment |
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Definition
| to escape or protect themselves from injury |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that is neither normal or injured, a reversable, structural, or functional responce both to normal or physiologic conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a steady state in the body |
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Term
| Altered cellular and tissue biology can result from what 4 things |
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Definition
1. cellular adaption
2. cellular injury
3. cellular death
4. aging and altered cellular biology |
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Term
| what are 4 adaptive changes |
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Definition
1. atrophy
2. hypertrophy
3. hyperplasia
4. metaplasia |
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Term
| what patients generally have atrophy |
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Definition
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Term
| where is atrophy commmonly found in |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle; disuse atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
- you dont use it you loose it
- ex: foot drop ( after being in bed after stroke and you dont use your foot it drops)
- cast on arm your grip is not as strong once you get it off
- atrophy is the cells getting smaller, but it is reversable |
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Term
| hypertrophy (HTP), and the two different types |
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Definition
means to get larger
physiologic; body builder; uterus ( pregnancy)
pathologic; hypertrophy of the heart due to HTN |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the number of cells and increase in the rate of cll division |
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Term
| usually HTP(hypertrophy) an HPP (hyperplagia)occurs together after a prolonged injury |
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Definition
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Term
| CAUSE: increase injury to the liver .. EFFECT?!! |
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Definition
| kidney cells -- stimulate remaining cells to synthesize new cell components and divide ( hypertrophy + hyperplagia) |
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Term
| HTP and HPP usually occur together if cells can what? |
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Definition
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Term
| non-dividing cells (myocardial fibers)only HPP or HPT occurs |
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Definition
| HTP - the myocardial cells dont divide can just get bigger |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen,dependant ; breast, uterus |
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Term
| dysplasia is also called what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
abnormal changes in s, s and organzation of cells
for example changes in cervix, and respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| reversable replaceent of one mature cell by another less differential cell type example: (bronchial) columnar epithelial cells are -- replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells (due to smoking) -( these cells do not secrete mucus, cilia)--- lead to Cao smoking--reverse process back to nl |
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Term
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Definition
| normal or adaptive steady state |
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Term
| is cellular injury reversble or irreversable |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 biochemical themes that lead to cell injury/death |
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Definition
1. ATP (transport chemical energy within cells for metabolism)depletion
2. oxygen derived free radicals
3. calcium alterations
4. defects in membrane permeability ( sunburn, skin dies and blisters) |
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Term
| what are the 3 forms if cellular injury |
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Definition
hypoxic injury
free radicals and reactive oxygen (UV , X-rays)
chemical injury |
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Term
| what are hypoxic ( not enough oxygen) cellular injury types |
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Definition
- Ischemia (caused by arteriosclerosis, or thrombosis), reduced blood supply
- anoxia (total lack of oxygen; sudden obstuction, embolus)
- cellular responce( decreased in ATP, causing failure of sodium- calcium exchange---> cellular swelling---> vacuolation)
- reperfusion injury (blood exchange in the body; when you sleep on one arm and in the morning you cant feel it) |
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Term
| explain the roles of K+, Na+, and Ca+ |
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Definition
| K+ is normally inside the cell, Na+ is normally outside the cell and so is calcium. Na+ and Cl- are married and always follow eachother; with NaCl comes water.If Na+ goes in water follows= swelling of cell--> necrosis. If calcium gets in it is toxic to the cell and can cause severe problems |
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Term
| Ischemia leads to rapid decrease in mitochondrial phosphorylation and leads to cessation of ATP production which leads to |
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Definition
| intracellular accumulation of calcium |
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Term
| What are some cellular outcomes of decreased ATP |
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Definition
- sodium- potassium pump failure
- dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum,detachment of ribosomes
- swelling and ruture of lysosomes
- swelling of mitochondria
- reperfusion injury: generation of free radicals, further membrane damage. |
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Term
| CEllULAR INJURY: free radicals and reactive oxygen species oxidative stress |
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Definition
| - eectrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an upaired elecron, TO STABALIZE .. it gives up an electron or steals from anther. When the attacked molecule loses its electron --it then becomes a FREE RADICAL. Free radicals are highly reactive and can react with most molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| free radicals and reactive oxygen species are what 3 things |
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Definition
- chain reactions
- unpaired molecules
( proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)
- unccharged electrons |
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Term
| what is the origination of Free radicals/ reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
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Definition
- absorbtion of extreme energy sourcs UV light, X-rays
- endogeneous( oxidative reactions)
- enzymatic metabolism of exogeneous chemical or drug [CCl4]carbon tetrachloride |
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Term
| what are three effects of free radicals |
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Definition
- lipid peroxidation ( destruction of unsaturated fatty acids)
- alterations of proteins causing fragmentation polypeptide chains
- alternation of DNA |
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Term
| what is a chemical injury |
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Definition
| biochemical interaction between a toxic substance and the plasma membrane --> increase permability |
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Term
| 2 general mechanisms for chemical injury |
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Definition
(1) direct toxicity caused by combination of a chemical w/ a molecular component of the cell membrane or organelles ( cyanide)
- formation of free radicals and liquid peroxidation ( ex acetamenophen) |
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Term
| chemical agents including drugs .. the 5 poisons |
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Definition
- lead
- Carbon monoxide=CO has 300X afinity that that of oxygen -- leading to carboxyhemoglobin
- ETOH
-Mercury- fish consumption and dental amalgrams
- street drugs |
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Term
| what are the effects of CCL4 (dry cleaning, cleaning agents, fire extinguisher, refriderent) |
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Definition
| can cause injury to the liver. CCL4 is a chemical that can a.) can produce both cell reversable injury( fat accumulation) and cell death. b) requires metabolic activation to become toxic C.) the toxic agent is a free radical metabolite . The primary targets are the plasma and ER membrane (lipid peroxidation of membrane fatty acids), mostly in the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
1. blunt force
2. contusion ( bruise), contusion brain (coup/countercoup)
3. abrasion - scrape
4. laceration- tear
5. FX
6.sharp force injury
-incised wound ( surgery)
-stab wound
-puncture wound(stepping on a nail)
-choppig wound |
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Term
| with gun shot wounds we usually look for a |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 5 types of asphyxial injuries(failure of cells to receive or utilize oxygen) |
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Definition
-Suffocation= room air =21% O2
-<16% O2 is immediately dangerous
-Strangulation=compression or closure of the blood vessels and air passages resulting from the external pressure of the neck
-Chemical asphyxiants (CO, cyanide)
-Drowning |
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Term
| what are the two major outcomes of chemical injuries |
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Definition
- mitochondrial damage - no ATP formation, calcium influx--> mitohondrial rupture
- cytoplasm; decreased pH, fluid and electrolyte altercations, lysosome membrane injury (late change, DNA and RNA halted) |
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Term
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Definition
-injurious nutritional imbalance
- injurious genetic factors
- infection
-immunoligic and inflammatory |
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Term
| Manifestation of cellular injury |
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Definition
1. water=swelling--> 24 hours cell death due to alteration in K+ and Na+ pump
2. lipid and carbs=liver
3. glycogen =cause of glycogen accumulation---> diabetes
4.proteins
5. pigement =melanin
6. calcium |
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Term
| dealing with the body system what would lead to cellular injury |
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Definition
fatigue and malaise
loss of well being
altered apetite
fever |
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Term
| what is cellular death called |
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Definition
Necrosis
Sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion |
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Term
| what are the three processes of cellular death |
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Definition
-kaylosis- nuclear dissolution (fading) and chromatin lysis
-pyknosis- clumping of the nucleus, shrinking
-karyorrhexis-fragmentation of the nucleus |
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Term
| what are 4 types of cellular death |
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Definition
necrosis
autolysis
karyolysis
apoptosis (apoptosis, shrinkage, it can be normal and abnormal) |
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Term
| karyolysis has 4 types which are |
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Definition
1. coagulation necrosis- kidney, heart, adrenals
2. liquefactive necrosis- ischemic injury means to neurons and glial cells in the brain
3. caseous necrosis- Mycobacterium TB (pulmonary)
4. fat necrosis- breast, pancreas, abdominal structures |
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Term
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Definition
Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands
Protein denaturation |
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Term
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Definition
Neurons and glial cells of the brain
Hydrolytic enzymes
Bacterial infection
Staphylococci, streptococci, and Escherichia coli |
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Term
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Definition
Tuberculous pulmonary infection
Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
breast, pancrease, and other abdominal organs
action of lipases |
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Term
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Definition
-death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury, ( dry vs. wet gangrene)
- gas gangrene- clostridium |
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Term
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Definition
| programmed cellular death it can be physiologic and pathologic |
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Term
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Definition
necrosis is the fragmentation of the nucleus
apoptosis - fragments the cell |
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Term
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Definition
damage accumulation
biological changes of aging
genetic/environmental
alteration of cellular control mechanisms
degenerative extracellular changes |
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Term
| cellular characterisics of aging |
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Definition
- diminished number/function of cells
* atrophy
* decreased function
* cell loss apoptosis
-compensatory mechanisms
* hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia,dysplasia, neoplasia |
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Term
| cellular outcomes of aging |
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Definition
altered receptor placement and function
altered nutrient pathways
altered secretion of cellular products
altered neuroendocrine control
altered DNA, RNA |
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Term
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Definition
progressive stiffening
decreased responsiveness to hormones
decreased muscle mass
decreased height
body fat increase
body water decrease |
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