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| a relatively enduring or permanent change in behavior that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and respones. |
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| includes both unovservable mental events (thoughts, images) and observable responses (fainting, salivating, vomiting) |
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| a kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stilmulus. |
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| says that if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future. |
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| refers to a kind of learning in which the consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior's occurrence in the future. |
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| a kind of learning that involves mental processes, such as attention and memory; may be learned through observation or imitation; and may not involve any external rewards or require the person to perform any obserbable behaviors. |
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| some stimulus that causes a sensory response, such as being seen, heard, or smelled, but does not produce the reflex being tested. |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex, such as salivation or eye blink. |
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| Unconditional Response (UCR) |
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| an unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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| a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the UCS. |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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| is elicited by the CS and is similar but not identical to the UCR. |
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| the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original CS to elicit a response that is similar to the CR. Usually, the more similar the new stimulus is to the original CS, the larger will be the CR. |
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| occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others. |
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| refers to a procedure in which a CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS and, as a result, the CS tends to no longer elicit the CR. |
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| the tendency for the CR to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials. |
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| refers to the usefulness of certain abilities or traits that have evolved in animals and humans that tend to increase their chances of survival, such as finding food, acquiring mates, and avoiding pain and injury. |
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| refers to associating a particular sensory cue (smell, taste, sound, or sight) with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that particular sensory cue in the future. |
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| refers to the phenomenon that animals and humans are biologically prepared to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others. |
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| Conditioned Emotional Response |
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| refers to feeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event. |
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| means that a neutral bond or association forms between the neutral stimulus (tone) and UCS (food). After repeated trials, the neutral stimulus becomes the CS (tone) and acts like a substitute for the UCS (food). Thereafter, the CS (tone) elicits a CR (salivation) that is similar to that of the UCS. |
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| says that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli (NS and UCS) are paired close together in time (are contiguous). As a result of this contiguous pairing, the NS becomes the CS, which elicits the CR. |
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| says that an organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus (NS) predicts the occurrence of another (UCS). In other words, classical conditioning occurs because the organism learns what to expect. |
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| refers to feelings of nausea that are elicited by stimuli associated with nausea-inducing chemotherapy treatments. Patients experience nausea after treatment but also before or in anticipation of their treatment. Researchers believe that this conditional nausea occurs through classical conditioning. |
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| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| a procedure based on classical conditioning, in which a person imagines or visualizes fearful or anxiety-evoking stimuli and then immediately uses deep relaxation to overcome the anxiety. It is a form of counterconditioning because it replaces, or counters, fear and anxiety with relaxation. |
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