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| Brezhnev Doctrine; Leonid Brezhnev |
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| policy named after this soviet leader, it allowed the use of military interventions to resolve the crisis in Czech, and anywhere, giving the Soviet Union the right to interfere in the internal affairs of its allies, should communism be at stake. |
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| In 1985, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated a reform program to usher in an increased openness and better the Soviet Union's economic and political structure. His reforms did not meet his grand promises. |
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| A Russian term meaning restructuring; The program instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s would attempt to resolve political and economic trouble facing the Soviet Union. It was part of Gorbachev's glastnost plan, which would not live up to its expectations. |
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| From a French term meaning a relaxation in tension. In the 1970s, diplomatic relationships between the U.S and the S.U was characterized by a willingness to cooperate, since both had achieved nuclear parity. This would end with the "dangerous decade" of the 1980s. |
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| was a non-communist labor Polish labor union formed in Gdansk shipbuilding yards lead by Lech Walesa; in 1989 it was recognized as a political movement once again, and at the ballots, they trounced the communist party -- making Poland the first country to oust the regime from office. |
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| was a liberal British statesman who believed in free enterprise and was opposed to state intervention. In 1868, he became Prime Minister of Briton, dis-establishing the Anglican Church in Ireland, a year later. |
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| was the leader of the British Conservative party, which supported state intervention at a personal level. In the 1860s he opposed William Gladstone's financial system, and sought to reform factory work hours, public health, and the ability to picket, as put forth in the Trade Union Act. |
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| refers to an artistic and literary style that criticized industrialized society and bourgeois morality, and rejected Romanticism in the late 19th century. A _______ may also refer to a politician like Camillo Cavour, whose vision of a united Italy was done in a realistic and un-moralistic manner. |
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| each of the great powers wished to benefit territorially from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In 1853, the Great Power dispute know as the _______, would result in the Crimean War, in which Russia claimed it was the protector of Greek Orthodox followers of the Balkans, and invaded. |
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| A ruthless pursuit by any mean necessary the interests of the state. This realistic political theory was exemplified in Prussia's Otto von Bismarck, a Junker who succeeded in unifying Germany in 1871 with the Proclamation of the German Empire. |
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| a moralist, and a nationalist he founded the secret society, Young Italy, in 1832. The goal of this revolutionary group was the unification of Mazzini's beloved Italy. In 1860, realist Camillo Cavour would succeed where this group failed. |
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| this bill was an extension of the right to vote in England to middle-class men, resulting in a fifty percent increase in those eligible to vote. This did not answer many of the problems of the working class who were under-represented and resulted in the Chartist Movement, demanding that all men have the right to vote. |
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| wrote "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection", published in 1859, in which Darwin argued that life forms continued their species through their struggle to survive as put forward in his theory of natural selection. This "survival of the fittest" competition made sense to Europeans disillusioned in idealism. |
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| was a philosophy put forth by Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto, calling for the workers of the world to unite. In 1890s Germany, there was a shift from the planning of revolution toward democratic revisionism and reform when Wilhelm II defied Bismarck, and revoked the Anti-Socialist Law. |
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| is the hatred and discrimination of Jews. In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus was the subject of a controversial trial set in France. Dreyfus was accused of selling secrets to Germany, and in a decision that divided Europe, he was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment, after which it was found that much of the evidence had been falsified and many swept up in the tide of blind hatred. |
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| a Third Reich term referring to the extermination of all people deemed unfit to live amidst the master, aryan race. German Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler's plan called for a holocaust of European Jews, who died in the millions during WWII. Almost as many non-Jews were also massacred: including gypsies, homosexuals, the elderly and children. |
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| refers to June, 6 1944, when American General Dwight D. Eisenhower led the Allied troops against German forces on the beaches of Normandy, France. It was the largest amphibious landing in history. |
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| was a system of fortifications established in the 1920s between Germany and France. An anxious France wanted security from Germany after WWI. The line proved useless to defend France when Hitler's army used tanks to outflank the fortresses during the blitzkrieg. |
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| applied Charles Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to human society, particularly between races and gender. Darwin believed women to be inferior to men, resulting in gender inequality due to their dependence on men. Brain size as an index of superiority was a popular idea of the late 19th century. |
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| a diplomatic term connotating the territorial influence or control of weaker nations by more powerful ones, though not necessarily occupied by those powers. At the end of the 19th century, Japan, France, Germany, and Great Briton all enjoyed great influence over China, who had to give up most of its ports to foreign powers. This exploitation would lead to the peasant uprising, the Boxer Rebellion. |
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| Theodor Herzl's solution to the "Jewish Problem" involved the creation of an independent Jewish state in Palestine. The idea being that if Jews had their own nation they could be free of an the anti-semitism rampant in 19th century Europe. Challengers to the idea claimed that a Jewish utopia would exacerbate the problem. |
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| hosted by Bismarck in 1878, it was a peace conference that met in Berlin and kept Russia from taking Constantinople, forging an alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, that would later be tested with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and the amassment of Russia's army, at the start of WWI. |
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| Prominent in less industrialized Western nations, it was a political movement based on the rejection of extant political systems. A terrorist, anarchist named Ravachol was tried in France for bombing buildings in 1892. His deed represented the rejection of electoral politics. |
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| German Unification (Post WWII) |
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| when the Soviet Union crumbled, West and East Germany experienced mutually beneficial trade with each other. When the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, East Germany began to flood into the West and their economy was saved by a willingness to collaborate and a change of currency. Germany became a united nation in 1990, stirring many interior and exterior fears for their future and the future of Europe. |
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| a term used in the late 19th century referring to the responsibility of the advanced West to justify imperialism, particularly in Africa and Asia, where the people were deemed inferior and in need of education and religious conversion. Social Darwinism was used to justify the West's belief of cultural and racial superiority. |
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| a term coined by Britain's Winston Churchill, describing the ideological divide between Western and Eastern Europe after WWII, in 1946 at the start of the Cold War when just as the Soviet Union was expanding its sphere of influence. |
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| this was erected by the Soviet Union in an attempt to keep East Germany's skilled labor force from fleeing into West Germany, free from Soviet control, in 1961, during the Cold War. In 1989, with the crumbling of the Soviet Union came the dismantling of the divide, and a year later, Germany was unified once again. |
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| this plan was enacted by U.S secretary of state George C. Marshall, allowing billions of dollars to be used in a U.S economic aid program for European countries recovering from costly WWII. The plan was intended to establish U.S economic influence in European trade. The Soviet Union opposed what they saw as an expansion of Western capitalism, not taking any money themselves. |
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| an acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it was founded in 1949. Military alliances were formed to protect the countries bordering the North Atlantic from Soviet expansion, a policy known as containment. Their anti-thesis was the seen in the Warsaw Pact. |
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| was a defensive alliance formed in 1955 by the soviet union and the countries within its sphere of influence. The alliance served as a strategic buffer zone against NATO forces. |
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| was Germany's plan to weaken Britain by air attack to pave the way for invasion. For two months in 1940, the German air force bombed London every night. Under Winston Churchill, Britain held out against Nazism and Hitler abandoned the Battle, canceling the invasion. |
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| was a counter-attack launched by Germany against the Allies in 1944, in Luxembourg and Belgium, as the Germans were driven back out of France. The Battle only slowed the Allied advance. |
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| refers to the Socialist governments established in France and Spain in the 1930s; the French socialist Leon Blum grew unpopular when he failed to solve the French depression; and in Spain, the country would be divided by the creation of a socialist republic that would lead to civil war. |
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| was intercepted by Great Britain in 1917. It was a telegram from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann stating that Germany would support Mexico in regaining lost territory, in return for Mexico's support for Germany, should the U.S enter the WWI. President Wilson asked congress for a declaration of war against Germany. |
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| was the treaty between Russia and Germany, signed in 1918, whereby Soviet Russia withdrew from World War I. The treaty was a humiliation for Lenin and the new Soviet regime and they suffered huge territory loss. |
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| New Economic Policy (NEP) |
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| this policy emerged in 1921, and was Lenin's economic policy for the Soviet Union; it was based on agricultural productivity, requiring set payments from peasants and allowing any surplus to be sold on the free market. |
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| was a German government founded at the end of WWI and endorsed by the German people in 1919, named for the city in which its constitution was written . The government was overthrown in 1933 when citizens grew tired of the paramilitary government, unemployment, and harsh reparation terms. Adolf Hitler would replace the __________ with the Nazi regime. |
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| a pact signed by 23 nations, denouncing war. The pact was named for U.S secretary of state Frank Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, who devised the plan, an idealistic hope to avoid territory war after the first world war. |
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| was a soviet leader who came to power in 1985. He used technical knowledge and the idea of glastnost in his perestroika to advance the Soviet economy and political structure. The programs did not meed their ambitious expectations, but he did succeed in cooperating with U.S President Reagan in arms reduction, and allowing the first free elections in the Soviet Union since 1917. |
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| was an ideological and diplomatic confrontation between the S.U and the U.S, post WWII, the Iron Curtain dividing the world between two superpowers. It was opposition against a communist state and a capitalist state, including a competition in technology, such as: the nuclear arms race, and the "space race". |
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