Term
|
Definition
| 1882-1941, alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Promised support in the event of attack by any two other great powers, or for Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone. Italy specified it would not direct action toward the United Kingdom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1907. Alliance between United Kingdom, French Third Republic, and Russia. Detterent to the Triple Alliance of the Central Powers and a plan by the French to encircle Germany. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mainly associated with World War I when it lasted on the Western Front from Sept 1914 to the end of the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first currents of modern socialst thought. Socialist who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century who were ascribed the label "utopian" by later socialist to convey negative attitudes and naivete to dismiss thier ideas as fanciful or unrealistic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political philosophy, economic and sociological worldview based upon a materialist interpretation of history, a Marxist analysis of capitalism, a theory of social change, and an atheist view of human liberation derived from the work od Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Communist Manifesto published in 1848. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Middle or merchant classes who derive social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as distinguished from social classes whose powere came from being born into an aristocratic family. Marxism defines as the social class that owns the means of production in a capitalist society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in the importance of liberty and equality. First became powerful in the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting several foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government. (Hereditary statues, established religion, absolute monarcy and the Devine Right of Kings). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1733-1859. Foreign Minister for Austrai 1809-1848. After Napoleonic Wars was instrumental in decisions to create a balance of power in Europe at the Congress of Vienna. Belived that no country should be strong enought to beat all other countries. Changes he added: Belgium and Luxembourg to the Netherlands, grouped over 300 small countries of Germany to a group of larger countries and grouped together some countries in what is now Italy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on Sept 20, 1819. ELABORATE. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French civil code established under Napoleon in 1804. Forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of relgion, specified hat government jobs go to the most qualified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| July 1870-May 1871. Conflict between the 2nd French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia was aided by the N. German Confederation and the South German states of Bade, Wurttemberg and Bavaria. Complete Prussian/German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wihelm I of Prusssia. Marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the French 3rd Republic. Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prejudice against or hositility toward Jews because of their ethnic background, culture or religion. Most extreme instances: First Crusade 1096, expulsion from England 1390, Spanish Inquitition, expulsion from Spain in 1492, expulsion from Portugal in 1497, programs, Dreyfus Affair, Holocaust. Traditional anti-Jewish sentiment in Europe because believed: Jews killed Jesus, sacrificed Christian babies to drink blood, economic stereotype. In 19th centured fused with a belief that Jews are a different race. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social movement against the use of alcoholic beverages. In the 19th century it was a push to restrict use of alcohol by proletariate men and all women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1820-1910. English nurse, writer and statistician. Came to prominence during the Crimean War for her work in nursing, and was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night to tend injured soldiers. Laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St. Tomas's Hospital in London in 1860. The Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses is named in her honour. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1860-1904. Austro-Hungarian journalist and father of modern policical Zionism. Jewish, was in the Burchenschaft which strove for German unity under the motto of "Honor, Freedom, Fatherland". As a reporter during the the Dreyfus Affair developed the attitude that Jews must remove themselves from Europe and create their own state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1815-1848, Import tarriffs designed to protect corn prices in the UK of Great Britain and IReland against competition from less expensive foreign imports. Introduced by the Importation Act of 1815 and repealed by Importation Acf of 1846. Viewed as examples of British mercantilism and thier abolition marked a significant step toward free trade. The Corn Laws enhanced the profits and political power associated with land ownership. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1884. Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, anc conincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. Called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, the 1st Chancellor of Germany, it's outcome was the General Act of the Berlin Conference. Points of the act: Free State of the Congo was private property of the Congo Society. Today's Democratic Republic of the Congo was essentially property of Leopold II. 14 signatory powers had free trade throughout the Congo basin. Niger and Congo Rivers were made free for ship traffic. In international prohibition of the slaver trade was signed. Any fresh act of taking possession of any portion of the African coast would have to told to the signing powers. Africa was divided between the main powers of Europe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Payments and tranfers or property and equiptment a loosing country is foriced to make after defeat in war. Most notably the reparations established for Germany in the Treaty of Versailles (1919) after WWII. Article 231 declared that Germany and allies were responsibile for all "loss and damage" suffered by the Allies during the war. $32 Billion total. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1919. Sometimes called the "Guild Clause" and "War Guilt Clause". Germany and it's allies are fully responsibile for all loss and damange to the Allied powers and thier allies. Have to pay for it. UK and France played primary role in the writing of this article, because Woodrow Wilson's principle of "peace without victory". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On June 28, 1914 a terrorist Gavrillo Princip associatated with the "Black Hand" serbian terrorist group assasinated Austria-Hungary's would be king, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Because of acusiations that the Serbian government knew about the plan, A-H issued an ultimatum to Serbia. They wanted the demolition and punishment of the Black Hand group and access to all Serbia's intelligence files. Serbia refuses. Germany issues a "blank check" to A-H and Russia decides to back Serbia. Austria invades Serbia on July 28th, 1914. On July 30th Russia mobalizes troops. On August 1st French and Germans mobilize, German declares war on Russia. On Aug 3rd Germany declares war on Europe and invades through Belgium which makes England declare war on Germany. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| March 2, 1918. Betwen Soviet Russia and Central Powers, marking Russia's exit from WW1. Because communist came to power in 1917 revolution under motto of "Peace, Land and Bread". Took away 1/2 of industrial capabiliyt and 1/3 of population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term used by Fredrich Engels to describe the social-political-economic theory pioneered by Karl Marx. It is "scientific socialism" because it's theories are held to an emperical standard, observations are essentail to its development and can result in changes/falsification of elements of theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1808-1873. Nephew of Napoleon I and elected President of the French Second Republic and then undertook a coup d'etat in 1851 to become dicatator of the second French Empire. Last monarch of France. He began the Franco-Prussian war that ended his reign and was instrumental in giving birth to the German Empire. He was caputed at the Battle of Sedan and deposed by the forces of the Third Republic in Paris two days later. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. In session May 1848 to May 1849. Produced the Paulskirche Constitution which proclaimed a German Empire based on the priciples of parliamentary democracy. Proposed a constiutional monarach headed by a hereditary empire. The first would be Prussian kind Freidrich WIlhelm IV, although he refused to accept. Major elements of the Frankfurt constitution became models for the Weimar Constiution of 1919 and Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the identification of an ethnice identity with a state. One of the long term causes of WWI. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the identification of an ethnice identity with a state. One of the long term causes of WWI. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1815-1918, Founded as an association of all German university students inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas. ost important goal was to foster loyalty to the concept of a united German national state as well as a strong engagement for freedom, rights and democracy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| June 18 1815. Napoleon's attack after exile, defeated by the Seventh Coalition. End to Napoleon's rule and his 100 day exile, he was later put on St. Helena where he couldn't escape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foreign policy of Napoleon's struggle against the UK during hte Napoleonic Wars. It was a large-scale embargo against British trade. 1806-1814. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1807-1882. Italian military and political figure, joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. Took part in the War of Farrapos and the Uruguayan Civil War leading the Italian Legion, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. "Hero of the Two Worlds" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1866. "Seven Weeks War", "Unification War", "German Civil War". Between the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side of the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the other, resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political movement calling for the existence of a soverign, Jewish national homeland. Based on historical ties and religious traditions linking the Jewish people to the Land of Isread, after two millennia after the Jewish diaspora, the movement began in the late 19th century. Formally established by Theodore Herzl in the publication of his book Der Judenstaat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coalition of Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815 at the behest of Czar Alexander I of Russia, signed by the three powers in Paris on Sept 26, 2815. Meant to instill the Christain values of charatiy and peace in European political life, however Klemens Wenzel von Metternich made it a bastilion against revolution. (Influenced by fear of French Revolution.) Against democracy, revolution and secularism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emperor of Russian Empire 1855-1881, also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland. Helped the Empire recover after defeat in the Crimean War, built miltary power, freed the serfs and started to establish an electorial government. After three attempts in the same day he was assasinated and both future Tsars (Alexander II and Nicholas II) watched him die--both vowed to not have the same fate and were reactionary/much more strict rulers. Led to civil unrest and anti-Jewish porgoms and legislation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1895-1985. Engligh poet, translator, and novelist who wrote "Good-bye to All That." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sept 17, 1793. Enactment passed during the French Revolution that allowed for the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those who were suspected of treason against the Republic and punish those convicted with death. Both encforcement and justice subsequently became synonymous with revolutionary governance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1872. Required the British general elections to Parliament and local government election to use the secret ballot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term used to describe how the Kaiser Wilhelm II told Austri-Hungary officials that they could deal with Servia however they wanted after Serbian Nationalists assassinated the heir to the throne Austria=Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Immediately preceded WWI. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1769-1821. Emperor of France who rose to prominence under the First French Republic and led successful compaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France and in 1799 he staged a coup d'etat and installed himself as First Consul, five years later the French Senate proclaimed him Emperor. Started the Napoleonic Wars which almost took over the entire European continent but ended in 1812 with the French invasion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secret soceity founded in Serbia May 9, 1991. Part of the Pan-Slavist movement with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing South Slav populations annexed by Austria-Hungary. Assinated Franz Ferdinand and main catalyst to the start of WWI> |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the East. German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating thier troops in the west, quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the east to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully. Created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1788-1864. A German soldier and chronicler of the Napoleonic Wars. He wrote an account of his service in the Grande Armee, including a detailed account of his participation in the capmaign of 1812. "Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Solider". Only known record of that compaign kept by a common soldier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term used to identify a lower social class. In Marxist theory, the class of a capitalist soceity that does not have owernship of the meansof production and whose only means of subsistence is to sell their labour power for a wage or salary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political and social philosophy that holds that traditional institutions work best and that society should avoid radical change. First established use of the term in a poltical context was by Francois-Rene de Chateabriand in 1819 following the French Revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conference of European states chaired by Austrian statesmen Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, held in Vienna from Nov 1814 to June 1815. Objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, Napoleon's duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of incluence through which France, Austria, Russia and Britian brokered local and regional problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fredrich Ludgig Jahn. 1788-1852. "Father of Gymnastics" Believed that German states should unite after the withdrawal of Napoleon's occupying armies, and establish a democratic constitution, which would include the right to free speech. "Guiding spirit" of the book burning episode carried out by revolutionary students at the Wartburt festival in 1817. Gymnastics= army training. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1801 agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored most of its civil status. Restored some ties to the papacy but still stayed largely in gavor of the state. Now Napoleon could win favor of the Catholics within France while also controlling Rome in a political sense. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1815-1898. Prime Minister of Prussia from 1862-1890, oversaw the unification of Germany. 1867 became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. Designed the German Empire in 1871, became the first Chancellor and dominating its affairs until his dismissal in 1890. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Territory fought over between France and Germany. Part of the Holy Roman Empire that became part of France between 1552 and 1788. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 area was annexed by the newly-created German empire in 1871. Went back to France in 1919 w/ the Treaty of Versailles and annexed by Naxi Germany in 18940 and reverted back to France in 1945 at the end of WWII. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ruled England 1837-1876. The time of her reign in known as the Victorian era, a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military progress in the UK. Reign marked the gradual establishment of a modern consitutitional monarchy and the monarch's role bocomming gradually more symbolic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1853-1856. Between Russian Empire vs. British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Duchy of Nassau. Part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over the Ottoman Empire. First "modern" war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Public scandal that devided France in the 1890s and early 1900s. Convicted Alfred Dreyfus for treason Nov 1894 because he was Jewish-no real evidence. Started intense political and judicial scandle that divided French society between those who supported Dreyfus and those who condemened him. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French term for mass conscription during the French Revolutionary Wars, partically the one from Augst 1793. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term that means allowing industry to be free of state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term that means allowing industry to be free of state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. |
|
|
