Term
| What was the origin of the “garden city” ideal, and what effect did the building of garden suburbs have on the shape of cities? |
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Definition
| Ebenezer Howard – Garden Cities of Tomorrow, (1902), popular book during WWI, series of small, planned cities in a rural setting, large agricultural area with a ring fence, compact planned towns surrounded by rural belts, mixture of rural and urban residents and land uses, only a fraction of each town’s land to be built over, each town centered on civic and center; Garden City Suburbs: sanctuary, low building costs (government wanted to repay the soldiers), light rail transportation, highly consumptive of land, changed the shape of cities→ between industrial arms and legs (interstitial areas) made city round again by filling in areas size often triple/quadrupled with the resizing, enormous development (semi-detached homes, front garden and gently curving streets), sometimes apartments, working class homes, problems: gobbled up enormous amounts of land, resulted in concern of spreading, merging, began to get idea that someone needs to plan for this expansion to control urban development→ Green Wedges to plant, stop merging |
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Term
| What is meant by the term “conurbation”; and how did planners propose to combat or control it? |
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Definition
| Areas where cities were already closely spaced, continued suburban expansion brought on the specter of massive coalescences of towns and cities into great urban agglomerations; reflective of the cautionary view of what was happening held by such visionaries who foresaw the need for comprehensive urban and regional planning; to combat it was the idea of the garden city, encircling cities with green belts, interwar model housing |
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Term
| How did capitals emerge during this period as great international or “cosmopolitan centers? |
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Definition
| Not just national capitals but world cities, avantegard, needed to keep up with reconstruction of public buildings |
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Term
| How was Berlin an example of this? |
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Definition
| Berlin: great cosmo place in Europe, it was famous for art, Berlin-style broadway, cafes nightclubs hedonistic lifestyle socialist games; “Place that Never Slept”; Weltstadt→ projected itself both as a model of modern disciplined productivity and enlightened governance as a fascinatingly avante garde society of restless souls indulgently caught up in the devil-may-care pursuit of pleasure and extravagance |
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Term
What new form of architecture was introduced during this period?
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Definition
| The Bauhaus school introduced an architecture that represents modern style, functional spaces, uses a lot of glass, mostly reflecting modernity using modern materials and focuses on function, the shell house also introduced the modern style of office space with the new type of urban architecture |
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Term
How did totalitarian regimes (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Stalin’s Russia) attempt to reshape the city to legitimize their power and vision of the future?
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Definition
| The Great Depression→ totalitarian regimes ran the government, tried to put their landscape into the glamorous cities during the great depression → Germans lacked community, Nazis began to redesign centers of cities and create classical Roman-Style Forum with the Big Bell Tower, this would be the gathering place; most didn’t last, however some cities were effected; Mussilini suggested facist state was related to past with forum/buildings, excavation of the past |
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Term
How was Nuremberg a special example of this in Nazi Germany, particularly in its use of the “new” and the “old”?
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Definition
| Nuremburg was the cite of Nazi-party rallies, very centrally located in Germany, was one of the elector cities in Germany (city would elect, had strong relation to German Identity, Romantic historic past), had an urban exhibition- Bavarian Jubice? Exhibition, all made Nuremburg a perfect place, ironic that Nuremburg was very much communist and unsupportive or the Nazi part, Zeppellin tribune: designed by Hitler’s best known architect, boxy and get very Greek-Like ancient, Cathedral of Ice, took place in Zeppelin tribue, US used it as a training ground; German Stadium→ never finished, supposed to fit 405,000 people, combo of modern design and throw back to ancient Greeks; great road that ran down the center of the grounds; wasn’t romantic enough→ Jewish homes/business taken out, buildings stripped of plaster (show wood, “cleansing in Nuremburg”), create an urban environmental image |
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Term
How were totalitarian regime planners intending to transform Berlin and Moscow?
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Definition
| Berlin: after WWII its name was supposed to be change and completely redone, Moscow: supposed to be redone, city part of city supposed to be wiped out, palace of the soviets→ building in middle of city, gigantism style of urban environment, couldn’t be completed due to WWII, one part that was completed: the metro system, one of the wonders of the urban world, intricate inferior design |
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Term
| Ebenezer Howard and Garden Cities: |
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Definition
| Ebenezer Howard – Garden Cities of Tomorrow, (1902), popular book during WWI, series of small, planned cities in a rural setting, large agricultural area with a ring fence, compact planned towns surrounded by rural belts, mixture of rural and urban residents and land uses, only a fraction of each town’s land to be built over, each town centered on civic and center; Garden City Suburbs: sanctuary, low building costs (government wanted to repay the soldiers), light rail transportation, highly consumptive of land, changed the shape of cities→ between industrial arms and legs (interstitial areas) made city round again by filling in areas size often triple/quadrupled with the resizing, enormous development (semi-detached homes, front garden and gently curving streets), sometimes apartments, working class homes, problems: gobbled up enormous amounts of land, resulted in concern of spreading, merging, began to get idea that someone needs to plan for this expansion to control urban development→ Green Wedges to plant, stop merging |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas where cities were already closely spaced, continued suburban expansion brought on the specter of massive coalescences of towns and cities into great urban agglomerations |
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Definition
| architecture that represents modern style using functional spaces and a lot of glass |
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Term
| postdamer platz in berlin |
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| veia imperiali(imperial way in rome) |
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| nuremberg rallies in Nazi germany |
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| germania(nazi plan for postwar berlin) |
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