Term
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Definition
All or nothing definition of unconscious, if something is either unaware, unintended, fast/parallel, uncontrollable it is all
*we can be aware of the source of an effect, but not the effect it has-leads to misattributions
* we dont realize that primes linger
* effect of social pressure is unconscious-might say we did a boring activity because it is fun when we dont realize we are pressured into activity by experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| implicit use of gender stereotypes. people said lists of words that included a gender stereotype and then were faster at saying a new word that fit than one that didnt--had a readiness. were unaware of the effect, uncontrolled, natural, unintended |
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Term
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Definition
Study 1: all people know common stereotypes
Study 2: all people activate stereotype when presented subliminal priming (rated character as more hostile)
Study 3: Controlled processing is related to level of racism--more racist people write more stereotyes
*separates uncontrolled and controlled
* need motivation to not stereotype
* just because all people know stereotypes doesnt mean they endorse them
* to control you need an awareness of the effect of the stereotype |
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Term
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Definition
The New Look
Preconsciousness
It takes people longer to recognize (to see) a dirty word, a perceptual defense that we are unaware of
perceptual analysis before consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
Trait judgments of faces are consistent when shown a face for 100, 500, 1000 ms or without constraint
Additional time increases confidence is judgment, but not the judgment itself |
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Term
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Definition
Competence judgments predict elections when people do not even know the candidates at rates close to 70%
People are worse when you ask them to deliberate
Conscious thought changes the initial reaction |
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Term
| Gilbert, Pelham & Krull 1988 |
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Definition
Automatic disposition inferences on personality
Behavior is an indicator of underlying personality (fundamental attribution)
Showed video of nervous woman and told she was talking about sex life or her vacation
- if vacation rated as nervous
- if sex life taken as situational nervousness, not a nervous person
-under load (distraction task) even sex life made people rate the woman as nervous overall
*disposition inferences are preconscious, we are unaware of them, and not aware of the reasons
*two stage: first automatic disposition inferences, then controlled but effort-ful correction (need motivation to do second stage) |
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Term
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Definition
Like Gilbert, Pelham & Krull 1988--first stage of thought is suspension of disbelief, we are worse when under load
*tend to believe false statements more under time pressure |
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Term
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Definition
misattribution
-people are more satisfied with their lives when the weather is good
- when asked about the weather the effect goes away b/c people are cued into the fact that the weather shouldnt matter |
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Term
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Definition
we arent aware of our mental processes
- against self-report
-we are aware of out-puts but not how we came to decisions
-coffee spiller less likely to be given job, but people say the coffee spilling had nothing to do with their decision (because they know that in their schema coffee spilling shouldnt matter)
-sock preference study: people like sock 3 because it is central but a bit to the right, no matter what sock it is, but when asked why they chose it they always say something about the sock itself, not the position
*need to be aware of the effect of what we see to be able to control it
*need motivation, ability and the right theory (of the direction of the effect for instance) to control our unconscious impressions etc |
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Term
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Definition
- we are aware of goals and conditions of the procedure, as well as outcomes, but not of the operations themselves
-preconscious analysis is fast and parallel (0.5 seconds) |
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Term
| Gilbert's Dual Process Model |
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Definition
1. Initial Stage
- automatic disposition inference
-locate cause of a persons behavior in their disposition
2. Correction Stage
- if we find a cause for the behavior, we can take away the mis-attributed disposition
-only with motivation and ability do we correct
- have to search for additional situational information (only happens with attentional capacity, time and awareness)
- good intentions may not matter if no ability to form accurate impressions |
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Term
| Neuberg & Fiske Dual Processing |
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Definition
1. First judge based on bias
-judge a former mental patient negatively even if we are told positive qualities
- if only worry about category membership (this is what we usually do, b/c of time lacks and it feels natural) then we are biased
2. Individuate
- if we think of individual qualities of the former mental patient, we rate him higher
- need motivation to correct by individuation
* motivation reasons: will interact in the future, will be held accountable for decision, have outcome dependency
* 2nd part is the conscious process, which needs motivation, otherwise just do easy/fluent 1st process |
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Term
| Jacoby, Kelley, Brown & Jasechko 1989 |
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Definition
names rated as more famous when seen the day before
-even if told names they saw yesterday were not famous (names are recognized, processed more fluently)
- even when they have the time, they have no ability to control this effect |
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Term
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Definition
Top-down effects
* give new cultural theories
* make people aware of effects/realities they are unaware of (ex: no women in law school)
*ex: when poverty is shown on TV tends to be black people even though in terms of numbers the majority of the poor are not black, people do not even realize they are mis-representing things until we raise their consciousness |
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Term
| Higgins, Rholes & Jones 1977 |
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Definition
Effects of priming linger
*when shown an ambiguous behavior, people who were primed with a positive thing rated it as more positive and opposite for negative primes
* Donald sailed alone across the atlantic-is adventerous (positive prime) or reckless (negative prime) |
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Term
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Definition
can use a scrambled sentence task to prime goals
* in this case primed impression formation |
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Term
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Definition
Awareness of stimuli vs. awareness of effect of stimuli
*doesnt matter if prime is subliminal or supraliminal
*matters whether you understand the potential influence of the prime
*your theory matters-can only control something if you think it will affect you |
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Term
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Definition
Some primes are too strong
* Hitler/Dracula
* can cause people to over-adjust
* when people think they are being primed they can control it |
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Term
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Definition
Critique of Nisbett & Wilson 1977
* being aware of an influence at the time vs. being able to report it
* we never have direct access to causal information, but we can infer it-so when N & W ask if the coffee matters people do not have access to its effect
* Lack of awareness of A cause is not the same as lack of awareness of THE cause
- there are always multiple reasons to base a decision on
- primes can influence, but are not determinants |
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Term
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Definition
mental contamination and misattribution
- you dont know where the affect comes from but it influences you
Multiple kinds of mental contamination
1. Automatic categorization-such as group assumptions (blacks are hostile)
2. Source confusion for current affect (mystery moods, moods based on weather, dont have the right theory of what causes the effect)
*we need to avoid and correct for mental contamination
- have to be motivated to correct bias
- have to know we are potentially biased
- have to have knowledge of direction and magnitude of bias |
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Term
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Definition
Implicit Social Cognition
- not aware of effect (implicit), post-conscious
- hale effect: carry over one positive feature to rate someone high on another positive feature
- things we cant control: facial expression (ex: pretending to smile)
- ex: teachers are surprised when someone they think will fail succeeds |
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Term
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Definition
measures implicit attitudes/associations between groups
-doesnt necessarily have to do with actions or thoughts, but can effect feelings
-about positive vs. negative affect
-faster reaction times=fluency of processing=association
-effects are constrained to fast reactions, in real life have more time and can maybe control the effect |
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Term
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Definition
Critique the IAT-what do reaction times tell you?
-why not just ask subjects directly?
-if implicit/explicit differ, which is true?
-lack of access awareness of bias matters
-responses themselves are intentional, so why do we call this automatic?
-associations are with labels, not automatically activated responses, just affect |
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Term
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Definition
Implicit assumption in blind review
-papers from Yale get accepted more than SD State (when it is the same paper, just labeled differently) |
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Term
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Definition
SES determines perceived ability
-people saw video of Sally doing well on half the parts of a test and badly on the others
-people said SES wouldnt make a difference in test scores
-when asked how smart Sally was people who were told she was high SES said she was smarter and justified with the parts of the test she did well on
-people who were told she was low SES said she wasnt as smart and used the bad sections of the test as evidence
-only happens when there is information that can be used as evidence (saw her do something on the test, not just theoretically asked) |
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Term
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Definition
Implicit Self Esteem
-name/letter effect as preconscious input
-first letter of name effects who to marry, where to live (influence, not determinant)
-correlational studies |
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Term
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Definition
Implicit Egoism
-We prefer things that are like ourselves (most similar=best)
-Bias bc we have favorable impressions of ourselves, becomes a halo effect
-could be mere exposure
-inclusive fitness-we are more willing to help kin and behave nicely to those who share our genes (selfish gene theory), those who are similar to us are more likely related |
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Term
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Definition
Shared birthday with someone who recieved a math prize helped students improve math ability
-kids who were having trouble with math in school were shown a kid with the same birthday doing well in math
-scored better at the end of the year
-kids did not remember that there was a kid with the same birthday that was good
-incorporate good at math into self image? (like implicit egoism)
-being like someone in one way is like being like them in every way |
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Term
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Definition
Minimal groups still show ingroup preference
-over- vs. under-estimators
-when us and them are used as primes we are faster at putting us with good and them with bad |
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Term
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Definition
Implicit Self Esteem can be negative too
-Players who have names that start with K strike out more in baseball
-People who have names that start with the same letters as a second place prize will try to get 2nd rather than 1st
-people with A names get more As
-motivational, we identify with things like our names
-can undermine you, wouldnt consciously wish to get second place |
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Term
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Definition
In this case you have the right theory (ad is trying to get you to do something)
-popcorn thing is a myth
-can still be seen in many superbowl ads, not illegal
-Bush vs. Gore tried to put RATS in democrats
-can cause unconscious emotions/misattributions |
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Term
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Definition
Super-quick vs. quick subliminal priming
-super-quick just gives positive/negative affect
-quick can give specific emotions (fear/disgust)
-saw what movies people wanted to watch after different priming
-Perceptual microgenesis
1. classify as good or bad
2. classify as type of god or bad |
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Term
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Definition
Police Officers Dilemma Game
-people are faster to shoot an unarmed African American
-More errors for over-shooting an African American
-Used as consciousness raising for police departments |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical application of the IAT:Suicide
-people who had recently attempted suicide and those who reported thinking about suicide were faster at associating self with cut
-control group associated self with not-cut
-can use an IAT to get at what people are thinking these thoughts
-good because there is social stigma attached to talking about wanting to commit suicide |
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Term
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Definition
Behaviorist
-environment directly causes behavior
-inability to control via consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
Disconnect preferences from consciousness: Affect w/o cognition
-we can know what we like before knowing why we like it
-immediate reaction (one piece of art over another), long time to justify
-two separate systems?
Evidence
-mere exposure leads to liking over time, when people have seen something before even if they dont recognize it they like it more
-study with unknown chinese characters: people preferred ones they saw most
-even happened when only shown subliminally (Wilson & Zajonc 1980)
-adaptive? things we see most are likely safe, we like them |
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Term
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Definition
Says that Zajonc's findings dont necessitate 2 systems
-consistent experience can lead to automatic associations
-ex: carrot paired with good over time, when we see carrot we automatically think good (automatic perceptual activation of the concept good)
-could work for stereotyping too |
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Term
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Definition
Attitudes dont predict behaviors well
-automatic attitude activation requires the mere presence of the attitude object (carrot) in the environment
-only strong attitudes can activate behavior?
-strong attitudes are activated preconsciously
-when primed with a strong attitude object people were faster at evaluating a target of the same valence (didnt work for weak attitude object)
-only works for fast prime (250 ms not 1000ms)
-problems with study: about evaluation, so how is it unconscious?
-didnt test anything in the middle attitude range |
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Term
| Bargh, Chaiken et al 1992, 1993, 1996 |
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Definition
Fixed Fazio et al 1986
-measured attitude streght 2 days before, so attitudes were not already activated
-people said words instead of looking at primes
-used all ranges of strong to weak attitude objects
-removed conscious parts of paradigm, making the effect stronger and more general
-every object primes positive or negative
-everything we see is automatically evaluated (at least crudely) without our intending it
-effects are the same for strong (Hitler) and weak (tuna) objects |
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Term
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Definition
Like Fazio et al 1986 but novel primes
-even novel primes (parts of abstract paintings, novel sounds) are immediately evaluated as good or bad
-effect does not require you to have a preformed attitude
-real world effects: ambiguous things (fill in a sentence blank, or rating whether Molly would not take no for an answer is good or bad)
-effect is fast, on and off within 4 seconds
-immediate approach/avoid response |
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Term
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Definition
Approach/Withdraw
-better at using a push method (avoid) for negative words and a pull (approach) for positive words than the opposite
-bi-drectional: when we use approach muscles, we have more positive affect |
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Term
| Perception vs. Evaluation |
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Definition
-Perception is more powerful
-Evaluation just approach or avoid, a natural tendency that even single celled being have
-Perception can affect behavior (perceive aggression=act more aggressive)
-same prime can have different effects on the two systems
-perceptual effects are longer lasting |
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Term
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Definition
-William James: ideas generated consciously that directly create impulses to certain behaviors
-Gestalt: direct learning/imiation of caregivers, after birth you are open to learning the rules
-Rizzolatti: mirror neurons are active when you do something and when you see someone else do something, found in premotor cortex
*adaptive:if others are doing it must be safe, creates bonds and empathy, animals are hardwired to do this |
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Term
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Definition
People imitate confederate
-more like to touch face when person you are talking to touches their face, same for foot tapping
-people are unaware they are doing this
-surprised when they saw themselves on video
-when confederate copies participant she is rated as more like and the interaction is rated as better
-people who have more empathy imitate more (pay more attention to person they are with)
-this is natural, a social default that helps create bonding |
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Term
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Definition
Waitress who repeats order back to customer gets higher tips
-same for hand touching
-real life consequences of the power of mimicry |
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Term
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Definition
Couples are judged as more similar the longer they have been together
-react in the same ways
-imitate each other more and more, get the same wrinkles
-couples married longer were judged as looking more similar (only happens with constant imitation) |
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Term
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Definition
When people feel that they were jusy nosy, they rate others as nosy when told about an ambiguous event
-same goes for other states of mind: more likely to rate an act as helpful if they just helped an experimenter
-representation is active and then used when perceiving others
-perception and behavior influence each other |
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Term
| Harris, Bargh & Brownell 2009 |
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Definition
Food ads prime eating behavior
-children and adults eat more when watching TV with embedded food ads (healthy or not) compared to control ads
-eating is activated by seeing other eating: ate 45% more
-same effects with smoking: no smoking signs actually increase smoking by priming |
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Term
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Definition
Spreading of Disorder
-broken window theory: fix the broken windows and you will get less vandalism
-contagious antisocial behavior
-people start following societal norms quickly
-real world studies: fewer people littered in front of a clean wall compared to a graffitied one, people were more likely to disobey a sign if there was evidence that someone else was not following a social norm |
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Term
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Definition
Contextual primes influence voting
-more likely to vote in line with religious groups when voting in a church
-more likely to vote supporting education when in a school
-priming effects real decisions |
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Term
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Definition
Walking with others makes you trust them more
-gave more in economic games after walking in step with someone
-more trust when people simultaneously move/sing (than doing either thing alone or neither thing) |
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Term
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Definition
Motivation increases imitation
-grad students imitate professor
-imitate people you like more, identify with them, bind, attach them to our self concept |
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Term
| Chartrand, Madduz & Lakin |
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Definition
| People in interdependent cultures imitate more, as do people who are more likely to take the perspective of others |
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Term
| Bargh, Chen & Burrows 1996 |
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Definition
Can prime a trait concept and influence behavior
-people who are primed with rude will interrupt more and faster than those primed with polite (via scrambled sentence task)
-effect on behavior was stronger even than written scales (because only 2 options: interrupt or dont)
-same effect for elderly: walk slower when primed with old
-stereotype affects your behaviors: act like you are a member of that group
-primed subliminally w/African American faces caused participants to be more hostile (rated by blind coder) when there was a computer error
-stereotypes cause you to act differently: self fulfilling prophecy |
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Term
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Definition
Primes can affect multiple people
-when one of two partners was primed with an African American face, the un-primed partner was rated as more hostile than when neither partner was primed
-effect is mediated by the partner, perceived hostility causes the person to be more hostile
-self fulfilling prophecy
-we think the person we are interacting with does not notice our more hostile tone/facial expressions, but they do and in turn become more hostile |
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Term
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Definition
Stereotype Threat
-women do worse on a math test when they are asked to recall their gender (because of negative stereotype of women and math)
-same for African Americans asked to recall their race before taking the test
-if you tell people that there are not differences in test scores between groups, the effect goes away
-also: Stone et al: White men cant jump- White men jump less high when asked to recall their race before jumpting |
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Term
| Shihi, Pittinsky & Ambday 1999 |
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Definition
Social Identity Theory
Different Parts of a Stereotype affect Stereotype Threat
-Asian American women do better than baseline on a math test if asked to recall race
-Do worse than baseline if asked to recall their gender
-Shift in salience of the identity |
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Term
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Definition
Social Identity Theory
Boys and Girls as young as 5 (and 10) has the same reaction to stereotype threat as adults
-Even before schooling Asian American girls asked to recall their race did better and those who thought about their sex did worse
-cultural infusion fo stereotypes
-kids see the reaction of others towards people in their group |
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Term
| Kay, Wheeler, Bargh & Ross 2004 |
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Definition
Prime with Objects
-People were more competitive in a prisoner's dilemma game when the room had a briefcase than a backpack
-backpack associated with hippie/cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
Dissociations between impulses on behavior and your awareness of intention
-can have motor effects without controlling them
-understanding is located in a different brain region than action, can have one without the other
-impulses can guide behavior without you knowing or understanding the intention
-ex: Alien hand sydrome as dissociation between will and action, unable to control |
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Term
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Definition
Environmental Dependency Sydrome
-people cannot help but behave in line with the situation they are put in (pretend to be a doctor, pretend an apartment is a museum)
-cannot control their behavior and dont realize anything is wrong with it |
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Term
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Definition
Two Streams of Visual Information
1. Ventral: supports semantic knowledge
2. Dorsal: directly tied to the motor cortex, for action
-can lose one and preserve the other |
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Term
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Definition
Emotion research
-found muscles that differentiate fake and real smiles
- we cannot produce fake emotions that look like real emotions
-expressions are less controllable
-however there is a system that produces expressions separate from our intentions |
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Term
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Definition
2 factor theory-the jukebox
-emotion=arousal($ into jukebox) and label (song choice)
-subjects experience the same emotion as a confederate after receiving a stimulant (ecstatic or complain)
-label the arousal depending on the confederate |
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Term
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Definition
Excitation transfer theory
-media-induced arousal can carry over to other activities
-on a date people misattribute the arousal from a scary/exciting movie t the person they are with
-arousal last longer than we would expect |
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Term
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Definition
Pan-cultural emotion consistency
-encoding: consistent emotional expressions
-decoding: consisten emotional interpretation
- argues for specific, evolved emotions |
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Term
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Definition
Bloodflow to brain is critical and must be maintained
-blood supply goes from carotid artery though facial muscles, maybe facial muscles modulate bloodflow to brain
-depending on facial expression different parts of the brain get different amounts of blood |
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Term
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Definition
Visceral influence on behavior
-we have different motivations depending on needs (thirst, hunger, sleep)
-Hot states produce negative feelings that cause us to focus more on the present
-we are bad at predicting the effects of our bodily state & underplay its importance |
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Term
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Definition
Conscious Emotion Regulation Strategies
-first: attentional deployment-look away when scared
-cognitive transformation (reappraisal)-remember its only a movie
-situation selection (avoidance)
-the key is to know WHEN to regulate emotions |
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Term
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Definition
Use Emotions as a Means to an End
-Anger helps confidence and risk taking (sports, army)
-Anxiety makes one more prepared
-Situationally appropriate affect (sad at funeral) |
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Term
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Definition
Emotional Influences/Emotional Dog & Rational Tail
-disgust reactions without a way to justify
-emotion is immediate and intuitive
Two Stage Model
1. Quick moral intuitions
2. Slow moral reasoning
(Like Zajonc 1980)
-emotion causes reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
Same brain reactions to things that are physically and morally disgusting
-facial expression-body used to generate moral thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
Trolley Car
-more emotional parts of brain active in fat person pushing situation |
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Term
| Lerner, Small & Loewenstein 2004 |
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Definition
-we dont know the ways emotions can influence us
-we carry over priming effects of recent emotional experiences
-people primed with disgust had lower buying and selling prices (wanted to expell), people primed with sadess had lower selling but higher buying prices (want to change their situation) |
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Term
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Definition
-fear leads to pessimism and risk-aversion while anger leads to optimism and risk-seeking
-politicians use this: party in power seeks to make you fearful so you are averse to change
-shown in Lerner & Tiedens 2006: after 9/11 people who felt more anger felt more in control and those who felt fear felt less in control |
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Term
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Definition
Embodied Cognition and Emotion
-emotion related postures make you experience that emotion (slouchers feel less proud when they learn they did well on a test)
-facial expressions and gestures consistent with and emotion influences preferences and attitude formation
-evaluation and muscular readiness: positive evaluation produces approach tendencies, negative avoid
-people like something more when they shake head up and down than side to side
-from body to evaluation
-feelings are critical for future decision-base what we do on the past
-mirror neurons: embodied cognition
-same area of brain activated for experiencing disgust and seeing someone else experience disgust |
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Term
| Strack, Martin & Stepper 1988 |
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Definition
Pen Study
-people are more amused when hold pen in teeth (smile) than lips (frown)
-emotional affect, not judging the task
-misattribution, not aware of the effect of facial muscles |
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Term
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Definition
MacBeth Effect
-people who imagined something they felt guilty about were more likely to choose hand wipes as a prize, want to clean
-dirty morally=dirty physically?
-same thing for another person's behaivor: if you write about something morally wrong another person did (just copying a story) you choose the hand wipes
-when people are asked to recall something morally wrong that they did, they are likely to help a graduate student, but if they are given the chance to wash their hands after recalling the guilty thing, then they have much lower helping rates
-wash physically or by helping
-guilt motivates desire to help |
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Term
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Definition
Your Highness
-metaphorically we look up at the powerful, put status people on top of charts
-power based on a dimension of up and down
-people picked a group higher on the screen as more powerful faster, when picking powerless they looked and chose things lower on the screen
-faster at using up arrow with powerful and down with not than vice versa
-people in the top of a face matrix are rated as more powerful
-God above, devil below
-innate to think on this vertical dimension? need a mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
Psychological distance
-psychological experience defined in physical terms
-close relationship |
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Term
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Definition
Distance produces more abstract thought
-focus on less concrete, more abstract features
-we want to go on a summer camping trip when it is in the future and vague, but the day before we are busy and dont want to, after when the distance is bigger again we think positively about it |
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Term
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Definition
Emotional Distance
-people who see farther dots (primed with physical distance) rate relationships as less close
-Williams & BArgh 2006: people primed with physical distance mute the emotional impact of fiction and like embarrassing stories more |
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Term
| Ackerman, Nocera & Bargh 2010 |
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Definition
Haptic Priming
-physical touch affects social judgment
-heavy=serious, rough=effortful, hard=rigid/difficult
-when primed with the physical experience of these things (heavy vs. light clipboard) people invoke the more metaphorical concept
*heavy clipboard=more serious about wanting the job
*smooth clipboard=rated interaction with experimenter as easier
*people in hard chairs compromised less (import in real world situations-court cases) |
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Term
| Body to Mind 1: Afferent Feedback |
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Definition
From outside-in
-facial expressions: smile=like, frown=dislike
-posture: feedbacks into behavior
-approach vs avoid: pulling=want, pushing=dont want, leaning=desire, moving away=ignore
-William James: we are afraid because we notice ourselves running away
Daryl Bem: we infer our attitudes from out behavior (to him its not bi-directional) |
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Term
| Body to Mind 2: Concept Formation |
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Definition
-spatial and physical concepts are the first discrete to the infant=foundation
-Mandler: spatial concepts form first b/c infants do not have ability to think about the future or relate to the past or present
-spatial temrs used to describe abstract things (close relationship) |
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Term
| Body to Mind 3: Innate Circuits |
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Definition
Distance is hardwired?
-eyes evolved to get information from a distance
-distance relationships are important for survival: adaptive value in infants keeping close |
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Term
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Definition
Taking a step back leads to more self-control
-metaphor but really happens
-body recognizes you are unsure and increases your attention and control |
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Term
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Definition
Wire vs. cloth moms
-physical warmth is important
: more successful transition to adulthood
- warm and cold are central impression traits: perhaps the most important and warm/cold judgments affect the meaning of other terms |
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Term
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Definition
warm-cold as a universal outgroup stereotype
-warm=friend, cold=foe |
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Term
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Definition
Coffee Study
-people had better impressions of others after holding a warm coffee
-people who held something warm were more likely to chose a gift certificate for a friend over money for themselves than people in the cold condition
-people feel more lonely in cold rooms
-goes in both directions |
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Term
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Definition
Cyberball
-social inclusion/exclusion affects estimates of room temperature (social coldness makes you think the room is cold)
-social exclusion makes people want wamr food |
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Term
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Definition
-people with warm beverage felt closer to the experimenter they had just met
-people use more concrete language in the cold room, in a hot room more abstract language with a greater relational focus |
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Term
| Ijzerman & Semin in press |
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Definition
-people sitting closer to others rate the room as warmer
-being with people you think are similar to you increases your estimate of the room temperature
-distance and warmth naturally correlated (think baby) |
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Term
| The Drachenhaus Studies 1990 |
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Definition
Interested in whether goals can be primed, or whether they are something that needs consciousness to start.
How are motivational and perceptual triggers differnet? Sometimes it is hard to caregorize why a behavior happens--was the lower littering without grafiti priming a goal or priming a behavior? |
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Term
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Definition
The first non-Freud psychologist to believe in unconscious effect in experimental psychology. SKILL ACQUISITION. The more you do something the less consciousness it requires.
1) Consciously having a goal to acquire a skill leads to frequent and consistent use of mental processes necessary for the skill which eventually minimizes consciousness' role (becomes automatic)
2)If you repeated make the same choice in the same situation, even without consciously intending to, the choice can become automated and embedded in the situation, which minimizes consciousness's role |
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Term
| Information Processing Goals (Bargh et al 2001) |
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Definition
Our memory is organized differently for trying to remember something vs. trying to form an impression.
Some people were primed with impression formation and some with memory, all were told they had the same goal explicitly and repeated that goal when asked what they were doing
BUT they actually store the information differently according to their prime. They are unaware that they have been primed for either a memory goal or an impression formation goal, but it affects their performance |
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Term
| Achievement and Performance goals (Bargh et al 2001) |
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Definition
Priming people with achievement increases their performance.
Works on tasks where effort matters (such as a word search). People who want to suceed (bc they were primed with achievement) work hard and do better.
Now people are doing studies like this and find that it increases ability in sports (higher jumping)
To what extent can you prime yourself? Hard bc it would be conscious, but maybe we will find a way |
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Term
| Interpersonal Goals (Bargh 2001) |
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Definition
Goals involving others, such as cooperation and competition can also be primed
When people are asked to play the fish game (how many fish will you put back in the ocean so that there are more next time?) people put more fish back when primed with cooperation and fewer when primed with competition
Conscious instructions to cooperate also increased cooperation rates
But there was no correlation between how much peope in the non-conscious prime condition cooperated andhow much they said they tried to cooperate (which did exist in the conscious instruction group).
To remember why you did what you did, the goal has to be conscious, you behavior doesnt tell you your goal |
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Term
| Non-conscious vs conscious goal pursuit |
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Definition
Same kinds of outcomes and effects:
1) Persistence in conscious. AND people are more persistant when primed with achievement
2) Task resumption when goal is consicous. AND more task resumption when primed with achievement
3) Mood consequences for conscious goals. AND more frustrated when task is impossible and primed with achievement (negative mood)
4) Both have changes in motivational strenght. Get stronger with success and weaker with failure. |
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Term
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Definition
fMRI: scan brain regions supporting motivation and effort
- the more subjs squeezed a hand grip, the more they get the reward
- high and low rewards were presented supraliminally and subliminally
- people worked more for higher incentives, even when presented subliminally
-same brain regions are active in both cases |
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Term
| Aarts Custers Marien 2008 |
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Definition
| You can activate and change goal pursuit tendencies by classical condition of affect (relate nice things to goal semantically, without people being aware)--increases the goal strenght |
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