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| means renaissance 1940s-Its founding members are Michel Aflaq (Christian) and Salah al-Din al- Bitar (Sunni Muslim), both bourgeois Syrians. They begin as a very intellectual and bourgeois movement. In 1947 they form the Arab Baath party. In 1952 they merge with the Arab socialist party and become the Arab socialist Baath party. It comes out very strongly against the formation of Israel. This kind of political activism continues all the way to the mid 50s. They want social renewal and cultural renewal. Very, very secular. |
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| is an Arab nationalist and pan-Arab ideology, combined with a vaguely defined socialism, often distinguished from Eastern bloc or Western socialist thought by the label 'Arab socialism'. Though opposed ideologically to Western capitalism, Arab socialism also developed as a rejection of communism, which was seen as incompatible with Arab traditions, and the religious underpinnings of Arab society. Mindful of Islam and Christianity it is largely secular. |
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| His family is from a humble background. Went to school in Alexandria and got caught up in the political movements in Egypt for getting rid of the British rule in Egypt. So he grows up in the time 1920s-1930s. He’s a poor guy from a poor background and to make a living joins a military academy. Graduates in 1939, Builds a relationship with other low ranking officers and they adopt the name the free officers of Egypt. Meaning they are free from colonial authority. (1949). In 1952 the free officers seize the radio stations, etc. The newly installed government now has to deal with the fact of the old government. |
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| Suez Crisis-was an offensive war fought by France, Britain, and Israel against Egypt beginning on October 29, 1956. Less than a day after Israel invaded Egypt, Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to both Egypt and Israel, and then began to bomb Cairo. In a short time, and despite Israeli and British denials, considerable evidence showed that the two attacks were planned in collusion, with France as the instigator, Britain as a belated partner, and Israel as the willing trigger. Anglo-French forces withdrew before the end of the year, but Israeli forces remained until March 1957, prolonging the crisis. In April, the canal was fully reopened to shipping, but other repercussions continued. |
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| 1960, Under Nasser, only lasts for two years. Egypt is this massive power in relation to those around it. What this union meant that the Egyptians are going to dominate the Syrians. |
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| also known as the 1967 Arab-Israeli War or the Third Arab-Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and June 10, 1967, by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known then as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. The war began with a large-scale surprise air strike by Israel on Egypt. The outcome was a swift and decisive Israeli victory. Israel took effective control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Opinions are divided on whether Israel's attack was an act of aggression or a preemptive strike of a defensive nature. |
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| also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the Fourth Arab-Israeli War, was fought from October 6 to 25, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria. The war began when the coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism, which coincided with the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Israeli-held Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights respectively, which had been captured and occupied since the 1967 Six-Day War. |
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| were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following thirteen days of secret negotiations at Camp David. Supervised by Jimmy Carter. Egypt recognizes Israel and Israel gave back Sinai. One of the major problems with it, especially on the Egyptian side is that Sadat did not negotiate in anyway to alleviate the Syrians or Palestinians. The second problem is that it is ultimately based on pay offs |
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| Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) |
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| s a political and paramilitary organization founded at the 1964 Arab League summit. Meant to serves as an umbrella body for all the different groups active in Palestine. Soon after that the UN recognizes the PLO as the soul representative of the Palestinian people and gives the PLO an observer status at the UN. So the PLO in that sense becomes a body that has a great deal of power and say. |
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| Finally what we see happening with the PLO is that within the ruling executive committee one body rises up to be the head. In 1969 he rises up and stays there until his death in 2004 |
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| 1970. One of the PLO raids on west bank settlers led to a massive raids by the Israelis. It became clear to the Jordanians that this will continue so they turn their guns to the PLO and the Palestinians are removed from Jordon so they had to move their headquarters to Lebanon. So you can see huge tension between not just the Israelis and Palestinians but also the other Arabs in the region. |
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| was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. |
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| December 31, 1898-February 3, 1975,was an Egyptian singer, songwriter, and actress. Born in Tamay ez-Zahayra village that belongs to El Senbellawein, she is known as the Star of the East (kawkab el-sharq). More than three decades after her death, she is widely regarded as the greatest female singer in Arab music history. |
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| in regards to Israel and Palestine: Palestinians look at as if they used to live in a house, the British came in and made them give rooms to other people until eventually the Palestinians are living in a tent in the backyard. |
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| One Thousand and One Nights |
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| Epic literature (a long cyclical work in prose or poetry)It is easily one of the best known works of Arabic Literature in the West. It is a compilation of pre-Islamic literature that contribute to 1001 nights.ultimately therefore incorporates a number of themes that we find is various Arabic works. It is a work of romance and adventure, some would even say science fiction. There are elements of all kinds of literary genres just like in Arabian Nights and Days. Murder mystery, satire, comedy |
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| (d. 1780s)- lived in the Najd region of the Arabian peninsula, in the same region as the house of Saud. The problem is that all those other people who call themselves Muslims are not real Muslims. They cannot be real Muslims because they are distracted by all that science and culture that is tainting their study of the Quran and Hadith Literature. These sources have been misinterpreted so what is necessary for Islam to be revived is to do away with all those years of interpretation and go back to the original. Associated w/ the House of Saud |
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| d. 1905-from lower Egypt and a family of peasants. Educated in the basic way. Studied religious sciences and logic, etc. Ultimately he was also being exposed to various western ideas. It is not scholasticism that is the problem but we live in a different time, in light of new ideas. He is agree with the idea lets go back to the sources, but not in a literal way but rather in light of modern stuff. The idea that Islam is ultimately about social justice. An Islamic state at its base is a socially just system. |
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| took fundamentalism and the ideas of Abdu and combined them to say that we agree with back to Quran and Hadith and what we can we apply literally and what we can’t we will apply reason. Formed in Egypt in 1928. |
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| b. 1906- led the group of scholars that founded the Muslim Brotherhood. comes from a background that is very similar to Abdu. He is from a more educated but poor class. Not wealthy, but own some property. Ultimately it was these humble origins that mean that in 1924 he moves to Cairo. Becomes involved in political activism. assassinated in 1949 |
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| when violence is done in a defensive measure. Muslim Brotherhood believed that is part of Islam and must be upheld. |
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| from a small Egyptian village but from a slightly more well to do. Father had a small estate. Very traditional education and ended up in Cairo where he had British style learning and ended up in the British government in Cairo. Devoted himself to literature and writing novels. In 1939 he became a functionary in the something. He leans towards the Brotherhood ideology but he is no great radical. o In 1948 he comes to the US and he spends two years. This is pivotal. In 1949 he writes a book called Social Justice in Islam. o He is in and out of prison from the late 50s to early 60s and in 1966 he is executed on the orders of Nassar himself. o He writes a book called Milestones while he is in jail. |
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| written by Sayyid Qutb in 1949-he is extremely critical of the US that he sees. Exploitative, brutal, racist to the core. Criticizes strange things like haircuts. Writes a whole long passage about lawns. Ultimately the reason why you can have a society that says it is a society for the people but then excludes whole groups of people is that it is a secular society. Because of the separation from sin and crime. it is not a crime to treat a human being with racism. So you need a moral polity. |
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| written by Sayyid Qutb while he is in jail in the 50s-60s. Says we have to rethink jihad. He says lets start thinking about the world not in the terms of justice and tyranny but in the terms of Islam and ignorance. You have enlightened people, Islam, and all other people are ignorant. Well this applies to Muslims who don’t agree with him. Therefore it is the duty to defend the good Islam against the attacks of the ignorant but also an obligation of a true believing Muslim to attack that ignorance. Liberal west and socialist west are both wrong because they are not rooted in a moral system. You need an Islamic state meaning an imposition of Islamic law. How do you impose Islamic law? His response is I don’t care who what is needed is the law and the law will be defined in a more fundamental Wahhabi way. So he breaks from the Brotherhood in that way. |
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| is a branch off of the Muslim Brotherhood and declared terrorists because they use political violence but they said it is legitimated because they are using it against those in their territory. |
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| 1901-was the first concession by any Iranian government to any company out looking for oil. He assumed exclusive rights to prospect for oil for 60 years in a vast tract of territory including most of Iran. In exchange the Shah received £20,000, an equal amount in shares of D'Arcy's company, and a promise of 16% of future profits. |
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| • D’Arcy received about 200,000 thousand pounds for his concession and he also received 9.000 shares in the Burma Oil Company so he became wealthy for making this agreement privately and selling it. |
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| Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) |
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| created by the Burma Oil Company as a subsidiary. The only proceeds going to the Iranian government was 16%. So they took away 84%. |
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| basically just a name change for APOC in 1935. ultimately the terms with the Iranian government were not that much better. Just a little more money to them but this keeps Reza in power. |
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| Reza Shah's son. uled Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. |
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| In 1950 becomes Prime Minister by popular election. he is basically a kind of centrist politician. He leans left. Has associations with the two day part. He is a representative party to break down the Shah’s regime. They want more say in the Iranian state. • He starts calling for a renegotiation with all concessions with Britain. Britain says no. We will not change anything. So he responds with nationalizing the oil industry in Iran. So Britain goes to the US and asks for help there saying we want to overthrow the Mossadegh regime. |
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| 1953-was the overthrow of the democratically elected government of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh orchestrated by the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom and the United States. The coup saw the transition of Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi from a constitutional monarch to an authoritarian one who relied heavily on U.S. support to hold on to power until his own overthrow in February 1979. |
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| was a prominent Iranian scholar, academic, long-time pro-democracy activist and head of Iran's interim government, making him Iran's first prime minister after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. Very much a liberal. |
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| was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist, who focused on the sociology of religion. He is held as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century and has been called the 'ideologue of the Iranian Revolution'. Executed by the Shah in 1977 |
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| was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death. |
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| In Iran-Khomeini is the first supreme leader and this person must know everything there is to know about everything. He has to be highly qualified. Has to be elected by people who know he is qualified. You need experts. So they set up the Assembly of Experts. |
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| In Iran-There are 86 members and the experts themselves have to be people who are qualified in various fields. |
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| is an appointed and constitutionally-mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran. |
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| was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. It was dissolved in 1979. a reflection of NATO. It committed member nations to mutual protection. was called the Bagdad Pact until 1959. |
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| was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the longest conventional war of the twentieth century. Battle of control over the Persian Gulf region. It is that sense that the US is integral in understanding the war because the relationships it has with various states in the regions. • The rhetoric of the war ultimately is wrapped up in a number of different statements from different sides that ties up in Arabian nationalism and Iranian nationalism. |
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| Province of Iran. Being on the border with Iraq, suffered the heaviest damage of all Iranian provinces during the Iran-Iraq war. by 1982, Iranian forces managed to push Saddam's forces back into Iraq. The battle of "the Liberation of Khorramshahr" (one of Khuzestan's largest cities and the most important Iranian port prior to the war) was a turning point in the war, and is officially celebrated every year in Iran. |
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| began on 7 August 1990 when U.S. troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch, King Fahd, who had earlier called for U.S. military assistance. This "wholly defensive" doctrine was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to be the 19th province of Iraq and Saddam Hussein named his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid as its military-governor. |
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| was the US name of the airland conflict from 17 January 1991, through 11 April 1991. Was the liberation of Kuwait. |
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| Islamic theologian and Al-Qaeda leader. Egyptian whose uncle had been a student of Qutb. |
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