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| Over 70% of population lives near Bogata, in 1/3 of the country; southern 2/3 of the country is virtually empty |
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| Francisco de Paula Santander |
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| left in charge by Bolivar; "man of laws"; strictly enforcing constitution; his opposition appealed to Bolivar, who returned and exiled him; brought back when Bolivar was exiled; opposed church; wanted secular public education |
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| Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera |
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| Renaissance man - writer, poet, and scientist; served in revolutionary war; conservative with secret liberal ideas; wanted liberal education i nchurch-sponsored schools; invited the US into Colombia; allowed them to build railroad across Panama; was unseated and came back, fighting the church; new constitution with separation of ch/st; church-supported guerrillas unseated him |
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| took over after Mosquera was unseated by the church in Colombia; supported church and nixed Mosquera's reform efforts; stabilized country, financial progress |
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| called himself "regenerator" b/c he stabilized Colombia; brilliant intellectual; pro-church and supported church tax; muzzled press to avoid attacks from liberals; at his death, liberals exploded into war; led to Thousand Day War |
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| 1899-1901; ended due to exhaustion on both sides; liberals vs. conservatives; started because of Nunez's pro-church presidency and death |
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| former minister of education and lawyer; represented city and banana workers; champion of people; hero to liberals; great speaker; conservatives saw him as a threat; requested and denied police protection; assassinated in 1948; death caused riots and violence |
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| succeeded Gaitan; Catholic newspaper editor; against secular education; elected by conservatives; dictator; declared state of siege; allow religious violence; both sides turn to army for relief |
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| army general seized power from Gomez; became worse; extorted money from government and became rich; both sides called commercial strike to unseat him; |
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| former secretary general of OAS; met in Spain to form National Front; tried to maintain peace by alternating seats between sides; violence continued |
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| Colombia author; Nobel Prize winner; famous for "One Hundred Years of Solitude" |
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| border war between Peru and Colombia; short-lived; Peru invaded, then withdrew |
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| left in charge of Venezueal when Bolivar left; first murder at 17; brutal cattle rustler; terrible dictatorship; died on visit to NYC at 83; death led to chaos |
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| seized control of Venezuela with native sfro mthe Andes; served openly or through puppets; did give peace and stability; lavish honors; opposed power of church; free public education, but not many schools; unseated while in Paris in 1887 by his henchman |
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| seized power of Venezuela from Blanco; boundary dispute with Cleveland and Salisbury; was killed during a riot |
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| ruthless regime; bankrupted Venezuela and became wealthy; visited kidney specialist in Germany; was unseated while away |
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| brute force to stay in power; illiterate Mestizo, fathered many children; Caracas, Venezuela went on a drunken spree at his death; amassed fortune; oil discovered in his term; neutral during WWI, but cooperated with US against Hitler; AD (Accion Democratica) Party, supported by many dissatisfied in military; |
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| "Father of Venezuelan Democracy"; headed AD Party; promised free elections and to bring democracy to Venezuela; served several terms |
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| first freely elected president in Venezuela; short term, less than one year; professor/novelist; worked with Betancourt; invited to US and a military coup ensued in his absence; many good ideas and plans |
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| caudillo; one of the worst in SA; wealthy fared well, poor suffered; air force revolted against him...he threw them in jail; liberal priests protested the jailing...they too were jailed; church alled on people to strike from jobs and schools; military demanded he resign; fled to Miami; military allowed AD to rise again |
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| vowed to help poor and build housing units; bought huge quantities of weapons from Russia; squanderinf oil profits; tremendous exodus of middle and upper class; "brain drain"; secures wealth through oil profits |
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| half size at Independence; lands seized by Peru, Colombia, and Brazil; depends on oil, bananas, and cocoa; Quito is capital...very conservation and church controlled; Guayaquil is major port and most liberal city |
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| Colombian who worked with Bolivar; first dictator of Ecuador; claimed Galapagos Islands for Ecuador; allied with wealthy, church, and military; eventually unseated by liberal coalitions; |
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| first liberal leader of country in 1846-50; opposed control of church; tried to separate ch/st, but it led to his downfall |
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| theocratic despotism; greatest national hero; hailed by church as champion of religion; went to law school; took over family newspaper; traveled through Europe and wanted progress for Ecuador; needed civil peace and national unity with a strong religious influence for progress; two constitutions in 1861 and 1869; gave country to church and imposed tithe on all; threw out minorities; wrote civil laws and made them superior to church; expanded church dominated education; called Ecuador "Sacred Heart of Jesus" and placed under command of Pope |
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| was badly defeated in war of the Pacific; lost southernmost provinces; total instability |
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| conservative; ruled through oligarchy; borrowed heavily from English, Canadian and French banks; some money was used to better Peru, but rest was squandered; did nothing for natives or poor |
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| student at University of San Marcos; led student protests against Leguia regime; exiled from Peru; became world leader against dictatorships; supported himself through teaching and lecturing; traveled across world to find suitable government for Peru; Indianism - heritage of Peru under Incas; APRA - American Revolutionary Popular Alliance advocated nationalization of all mineral resources; encouraged foreign investment; called for civic improvement; land reform for indians; promoted democracy; separation of ch/st; program has gradually been introduced; was allowed back in and ran for president; military ruled fraudulent election; this happened three times |
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| military leader who wouldn't let de la Torre serve as president; assassinated, which was blamed on de la Torre |
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| University of Texas at Austin architecture student; leader of Peru; embraced de la Torre's APRA program; was aristocratic, and implemented as much of de la Torre's program as possible; most successful president Peru had; road systems; Indian land reform; permitted free elections after he left office |
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| Communist party of Peru; terrorist group; |
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| Mestizo of a German father; hero after Bolivia's defeat in the Chaco War; intended on improving conditions for the minders; stopped strikes and violence in mines through military action; discord spread into cities; he was upset and shot himself; |
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| Bolivia: MNR - National Revolution Movement; nationalize tin mines; elevate standard of living for Indians; democracy and universal suffrage; similar to APRA; movement spread among intellectual minority; military allowed free elections; tserved two terms; quiet intellectual, professor of economics; set stage for Bolivian Revolution of 1952 by ntaionalizing tin mines and introducing land reform programs; mirrored Mexican Revolution of 1917 - peacefully nationalized mines and conditions improved for miners; stressed economic self-sufficiency; ousted by military to suppress communism |
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| ex-soccer player, national hero, leader of miners; communist sympathizer; tension between Lechin and American interest and Estensorro |
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| reached stability much more quickly than another other LA country; owns Easter Island; was a feudal society; Santiago only had about 30,000 inhabitants |
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| mainly in Chile; inhabit southern lands, south of the Bio Bio River; fiercest fighters; pushed back Incas; fought Conquistadors; Spanish signed peace treaty with them in 1890 |
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| son of Peruvian viceroy; first president of Chile; declared independence in 1818; son of European catholic immigrants; progressive ideas; was educated; wanted to improve infrastructure; alienated the aristocracy; wanted to do away with primogeniture; opposed by landowners and army; organized a police force and tried to organize a personal dictatorship, but was forced into exile |
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| passing of vast racts of land from oldest son to oldest son |
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| conservative president who gave Chile stability; his government was an oligarchy; colleceted taxes, balanced budget, country progressed; wrote Constitution of 1833; gave aristocracy power..only they were allowed to vote; oldest constitution in south america; revised again in 1925; military clergy and aristocracy worked together under him |
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| Minister of Finance to Chile under Prieto; put Chile on a good finacnial footing; erlcomed foreign investment; regime of authority and force; strong ruler who gagged opposition |
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| Venezuelan expatriate; man of the law; codified laws in Chile; founded National University of Chile in Santiago |
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| invited William Wheelwright to build railroads in Chile; period of progress; steam navigation introduced; extended Chilean borders to tip of SA; dispute settled between ch/st; civil marriages allowed; stopped compulsory church tax; Fueros abolished; introduced public schools |
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| growth of a new wealthy class - the mine owners in the Atacama; immigrants began to settle in towns and begin merchandising; middle class of businessmen was growing; lower class wanted right to vote and criticized government and military; government had to support freedom of religion because of immigrants |
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| Chile vs. Peru and Bolivia; Treaty of Ancon; Tacna-Arica region controlled by Chile unti Us intervened in 1929, splitting it between Chile and Bolivia |
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| provinces gotten by Chile in War of the Pacific; US intervened to give Tacna to Bolivia and Arica to Chile |
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| led by Antoine I; led result against Chilean authority; settlements burned and forts captured; declared insane by court and expelled from the country; |
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| led Araucanian Indians against Chilean authority; declared insane and expelled from country |
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| tremendous flow of money in Chile because of mineral exports during his term; many civil projects, such as sewers and roads; during Chilean Civil War, military supported him, but congress was supported by the navy, who was far superior |
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| 1889-1891; Balmaceda was supported by army, but congress was supported by the navy; obviously, the navy was stronger becasue of Chile's long coastline |
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| US naval ship stopped en route to CA; soldiers got into bar fight and some killed; US demanded apology, but Chile refused, saying they were not responsible as a nation for these incidents; |
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| US naval ship stopped en route to CA; soldiers got into bar fight and some killed; US demanded apology, but Chile refused, saying they were not responsible as a nation for these incidents; |
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| brought stability to Chile after hte Civil War; it was pseudo-parliamentary government; congress ruled, not really the president |
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| most prominent Chilean literary figure; wrote about average Chilean life |
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| Argentine school teacher; set up teacher training academy; appointed Minister of Education in Chile; expanded public education; did wonders; 1/4 children were in school under him; "Father of Education" in Argentina, as well |
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| "The Lion of Tarapaca"; worked for rotos and inquilinos; dominated Chile for two decades; one of LA's greates men; wone election in 1920 and promised to bring Chile out of depression and to clean up government and improve standard of living;promised to give female suffrage, expand education nd healthcare; needed strong executive power; demanded an end to constitution of 1833; new constitution imposed in 1925, but congress and oligarchy opposed it; constitution separated ch/st; ended rule of oligarchs; paved way for more democracy; Alessandria forced into exile, but invited back to finish his term; he eventually came back later and enacted a sort of Chilean "New Deal" after the Depression; |
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| Chilean mine workers and laborers |
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| agricultural workers in South Chile |
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| elected president of Chile in 1915; remained neutral in WWI; passed LA's first social legislation; workers' comp laws, accident laws, retirement laws; suffrage expanded; economy expanded due to mineral exports |
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| admired Mussolini; ran and elected after Alessandria; promised progress to the rotos; ended the last part of the War of the Pacific; allowed referendums in Tacna-Arica region of Chile; expanded education and began agrarian reform movement; Chile hit hard by stock market crash in 1929; his popularity collapsed; tried to tighten military control, but was forced out of office by riots; rose back to power much later and promised to end problem of inflation after WWII; inflation soared to 900%; Allende ran against him; economy did not recover; ,ore earthquakes; gave women right to vote in Chile!!!; |
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| elected by coalition of political parties called the Popular Front; they opposed fascism; over 6000 German immigrants entering per year,forming a strong German minority that was pro-fascist and pro-Hitler; he was killed in an earthquake; it sucked up all the remaining revenue to rebuild and recover |
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| served during WWII; broke off relations with Germany; Chile remained neutral up until last minute, then declared war on Germany just so it could join the UN; was not corrupt and was pro-American; wanted progress |
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| very pro-American; popular figure; inflation rose by 30% during his presidency; superficial prosperity |
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| defeated Allende in Chilean race for presidency; devout catholic university professor; formed Christian Democratic Party; similar to Catholic Action Parties of Europe at the time; US hoped it would provide alternative to Communism; liberal and progressive, hoped to bring social justice to forefront; could not win control of the senate, which was still an oligarchy; senate blocked a lot of his reforms; pushed through some reforms via Alliance for Progress (by LBJ); opposed American move into Dominican Republic; renewed relations with Soviet Union; allowed Communist party to be legal |
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| movement by Lyndon Johnson to help battle communism; gave millions to Chile under the rule of Frei |
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