Term
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Definition
| movement of resurgence or rebirth. the process of unification for the different states into one single nation in italy |
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Term
| 3 people to unify Italy (1796-1861) |
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Definition
1. Giuseppe Mazzini- action from the people required
2. Count Camillo Cavour - main architect of Piedmont modernism, liberalism, and secularism. very patriotic and for free trade and economic reform. curb church independence and privileges
3. Giuseppe Garibaldi - voyage of the 1000 to Sicily (bring Piedmont to Sicily together). first italian parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King. United except for Veneto, Trentino, South Tyrol, and Rome. |
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Term
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Definition
| unplanned product of war, diplomacy, and popular revolution. no nationall will. Piedmont used military might, diplomatic expertise, institutions, and politics to exploit. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Piedmontisation - annexation not unification. civil wars in the south were controlled by the Piedmontese army to civilize them.
2. southern question - great poverty. poor infrastructure, poor techniques, less fertile terrain, latifondi, corruption in govt., heavy taxation.
3. Garibaldi- hugely popular war hero.
4. economy- budget deficit from pre-unification wars
5. Parliament - difficult to design to represent all the diversity
6. rivolunizione mancata - missed revolution. 1866 Italy allies with Prussia against Austria and was hugely defeated leading to exposed lack of national sentiment. (Battle of Custoza and Battle of Lissa)
7. Alienation from Church -Pius IX refused to recognize Italian state. 1871 issued non expedit decree - declaration by pope where Catholics could not participate in government. (poor relations with Church and only got more positive with threat of socialism) |
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Term
| industry in liberal italy |
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Definition
| industrial north (triangle with torino, genoa, and milan). 60 years later industrialization than other countries |
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Term
| agriculture in liberal italy |
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Definition
| north - capitalist farming, center - sharecropping (mezzadria) and Braccianti (landless day labor), south - latifondo (huge estates owned by absentee landlords and middlemen leased land to peasants with no guarantees) and no long term crops |
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Term
| southern problem in liberal italy |
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Definition
| heavy repression, heavy taxation, North dominated Parliament favoring free trade, mass emigration due to starvation, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Depretis 2. Francesso Crispi 3. Giolitti |
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Term
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Definition
| worsening economic situation. suffrage extension. trasformismo (transformation) - creates interest groups not political coalitions, no national unity, need for strong leadership |
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Term
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Definition
| advocate for political education and moral unity. strong monarch and foreign policy. Italy joins Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria. 1885 ethopians defeat Italy - national humiliation. 1887 - major reform to bridge legal and real italy, increase state powers, strong foreign policy, increase democracy. 1894 Crispi rules by decree law (no talking to Parliament) , economic recesion, bigamy scandal, rise of socialism, assassination of King Umberto I |
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Term
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Definition
| sought mass loyalty via better living standards (welfare), electrol reform - near universal suffrage. church warms to state, 1911 LIbya invasion - military/political diaster, gentiloni pact upset many socialists and anti-clerical supports, when his government failed chaos ensued. |
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Term
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Definition
| no unified history or tradition before 1860. italian characters need forming. massimo d'aleglio "made italy now we need to make italians". 1880s and 1890s huge promotion of patriotism. |
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Term
| Key Points Liberal Italy 1861 - 1922 |
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Definition
| italy was a piedmontese annexation than unification, limited democracy, little sense of identity. need to strengthened state but mass society alienated. attempts to increase national identity with education, monuments, cults, army, and conscriptions. |
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Term
| Italian Diplomacy and Entry into War |
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Definition
| Italy was a member of Triple Appliance for defense. Salandra (prime minister)'s sacro egoismo- act according to sacred self interest. 1915 Secret Treat of London (secret negotiations) joined Britain and France and were promised key amounts of land |
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Term
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Definition
| Italian nationals association (ANI) included radical Republican democrats, future artists, poet D'Annunzio, conservative supports of Salandra, King Victor Emmanuel III and nationalist right saw it as an opportunity to expand land and power. |
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Term
| anti intervention for WWI |
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Definition
| Giolitti and majority of liberal deputies. pope benedict XV. socialists neither support or sabotage. socialists divisions with reformists/minimalists (democratic), revolutionaries/maximalist (violent revolution). |
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Term
| early career of Mussolini |
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Definition
| edits socialists newspaper, editor of Avanti!, expelled by Socialists, founds il popolo d'italia (Fascist newspaper), volunteers for army (pro-intervention-opportunity for revolution) |
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Term
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Definition
| Oct. 1917.disastrous defeat for Italians. Austrians advance quickly and General Diaz replaces General Cadorna, and launches propaganda (land promised to peasants so soldiers still encouraged to fight), Piave River was never crossed. Battle of Veneto the Austrians/Germanys were defeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| a poet who occupied Fiume (majority Croatians) when Wilson refuses italian demands at Paris Peace Conference. international embarrassing for Italy (does not want to turn army on italians). showcases weak democracy of Italy |
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Term
| Foundation of Fascist Movement |
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Definition
| founded by Mussolini "above everything, we prize revolutionary war". Bienno Rosso (1919 -20) decreasing economy with a rising inflation. local govts controlled by maximalists. south peasants occupy latifondi, sharecroppers strike, occupation of factories in 1920 (taken over by trade unions and established factory councils), trade unions come into management boards and occupation ends but scared industrialists. lots of unrest |
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Term
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Definition
| people bound together, law and order prevails. 1919 was a movement not a party. Fascimo and squadrismo campaign takes off with anti Socialists terror campaign (post war economic crisis, giolitti govt was soft) |
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Term
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Definition
1. urban fascism - does not believe in violence, form a political party
2. agrarian fascism - continue violence and dominate through terror, feared normal politics would lead to disbandment |
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Term
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Definition
context: communist party in Russia, socialist party split, Giolitti dissolves parliament and failed govt (discredits left), Mussolini negotiates with people everybody and mass rally at Naples.
march occurred. king refuses to introduce martial law and asks Mussolini to form a govt (in favor of anyone who can gain control) |
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Term
| Key Points the Great War to the Rise of Fascism |
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Definition
| nation building strong motivation for war, extremely divisive about war intervention, massive loss of life ->demand new types of government, economic crisis, context of Russian Revolution Oct. 1917 and then intensified by Bienno Rosso and occupation of factories, Mussolini did not seize power by force but won it by threat and obedient squads, Fascism brought in by king to contain violence |
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Term
| the party PNF (partito nazionale fascista) |
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Definition
| use social control and police action. unpredictable terror - punish those that might rebel as much as those who do. totalitarian dictatorship (dominates state). Mussolini wanted extremist (maintain revolutionary image) and moderate (win support of conservatives outside PNF) support. |
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Term
| Voluntary Militia for National Security (MVSW) |
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Definition
| armed force to protect Mussolini's government. loyalty to Mussolini not king. |
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Term
| Law of the Powers of the Fascist Grand Council Dec. 1928 |
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Definition
| main policymaking body. involved in succession to throne. seen as parallel government. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1928. electoral reform. bill forced through by violence. established national majority system - 25% of vote gets you 2/3 of parliament seats, guarantee strong government, reduce power of left (can't agree on anything). discouraged opposition and ability to bring bill to power impressed King. |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest point in bankruptcy. national list formed (all parties welcomed if they accepted Mussolini's supremacy). popular party (catholic party) collapses. violence, police repression, and electoral fraud. |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest point in bankruptcy. national list formed (all parties welcomed if they accepted Mussolini's supremacy). popular party (catholic party) collapses. violence, police repression, and electoral fraud. |
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Term
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Definition
| Matteotti spoke out against violence and accused Mussolini of electoral fraud, threat of violence, and financial misconduct. later, he was found murdered and murder order traced close to Mussolini. almost toppled government ( shows dictatorship has yet to be established and leads to the Aventine Secession - total assumption of power by Mussolini) |
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Term
| Establishment of Dictatorship |
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Definition
Law on powers of the head of Government ends parliament control over and prime minister responsible for King. elected local government replaced by appointed local officials. reform of journalism and law (journalists must join Fascist Journalist's association)
-public security law - birth of a police state, police needed no justification to restrict liberties.
-law of defense of the state - separate court for political trials |
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Term
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Definition
| 1929. fascism - increased international prestige, good image with population via church links. church - created Vatican state, build a catholic subculture, no divorces in law. catholic action ->activity with catholic influence and ideology |
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Term
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Definition
economic policies were more propaganda than achievement. corporatism (classes bond to serve nation, increase productivity at home). created Syndicates (occupation based).
-Palazzo Chigi Pact - sole recognition of Fascist Syndicates for abandoning corporate project
-Strike of Fascist Unions 1925 - new relationship between industry and politics emerges
- Palazzo Vidori Pact - confindustria - recognizes fascist syndicates and vice versa.
- National Council of Corporations - joint parliament type body on economy, promised self management offer a Third Way (between communism and capitalism) |
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Term
| Great Depression and the Para State 1930 -1936 |
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Definition
| state credit to private industry, buy shapes of banks and companies going bankrupt. state ownership of industrial investment. survived storm of 29 to 33. boosted propaganda and discredited liberal economics. |
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Term
| Party, Sate, and the Dictaroship |
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Definition
| fascism - weak for long period, domestication of PNF a priority. gradual erosion of democracy. dictatorship established 1925/26. required agreement with Church. economic policy and labor relations. accidental move to autarchy (self-sufficient), rearmament and empire. creates myth of Third Way alternative to market capitalism and communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| cross national appeal, stimulates pride, collective experience, mass mobilization, reinforced differences between sexes, Battle of the Births (need strong Italians and breeding numbers), organic society ->dedicated to a team, private behaviors are state managed (prevent harm to system) |
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Term
| the New man (italiano nuovo) |
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Definition
| self sacrifice, struggle, regneration. morally and physically strong. diverse forms |
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Term
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Definition
| (drug that induces dreamy state). distract from the quality of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| sport gives people a way to be an individual where fascism takes civil rights. allowed release of pressure in society. debating and arguing about sport not politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| national figureman boxer. Piazza Siena in Villa Borghese - big sporting even and shows modernization of Italy (Carnera wins fight). a year later, he gets knocked out by a Jewish boxer and gets immediately dropped by Fascist regime. then he loses to a black man when Italy was about to invade a country and claim racial supremacy. all his images became censored. |
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Term
| Mille Miglia and Tazio Nuvolari |
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Definition
car race. stimulated italian motor industry and improved road system. boosted national pride and economy (Duce's love of speed). required collaboration with powerful political figures and institutions. speed diminished Italy's size.
-Tazio was a racer and regime invested in positive images of him and his victories with Fascism salutes, etc. it was law to do that so the question remains if he was really fascist. |
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Term
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Definition
role of women - important for child bearing, mothers, housewives, rural. mother of many is important
sporting woman - donna sportiva, fears of impact of sport. remarketed as physical education to prepare body for childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| completes Giro d'Italia cycling race. only allowed in race because of opportunity to sell papers. would not let her join the following year because they dont need her publicity |
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Term
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Definition
| won gold in Berlin 1936. increase in women joining sports. regime does not know how to deal with her - >contrast with housewife, great publicity abroad, italians promote healthy lifestyle. eventually she has a baby and displayed as a success story. |
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Term
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Definition
| sport politicized. diplomatic tool to improve regime abroad. domestic political soporific to reinforce conformity and national pride. allowed state to enter into personal lives. battle of the births - key in fascism's economic, social, and foreign policy goals. but cant cover up struggling economy with little civil liberties and low stand of living |
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Term
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Definition
| in Bologna. similarities to Colosseum. Bolognese brick stimulates local economy. linked by portico (covered walkways) network. great initiative for sports medicine. and linked by portico to Marathon Tower |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of medieval and ancient Rome. bolognese brick |
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Term
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Definition
| in Florence. radical which represents Florence's radicalism. skeleton looking and neo Roman (fascist twist) on entrance. DNA looking staircase to keep order in crowds. |
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Term
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Definition
| stylistically different, global interest, represented their cities and fascism. set new standards for stadium design. |
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Term
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Definition
pluralism - more than one style under regime. modern art is never repressed. allowed to express/never repressed but must serve regime.
1925-30: Fascist Syndicate of Fine arts encourages artists to join the syndicate and gives them exhibitions, expos, and represent Fascism
30-36: expansion of state influence, tries to shape what kind of art is being produced.
36-after:art is less expressive. Romanita and growing conservatism. |
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Term
| Architecture in Fascist italy |
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Definition
| pluraism. bold monumental neoclassical structures. fascist symbols and quotes from Mussolini. through architecture, recreateand dominate as ancient rome did. |
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Term
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Definition
| fascism connection with rome leads to its legitimization of actions. rome has connections with all italians. reconnected nation with common past. regeneration of Rome gets international attention |
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Term
| Reasons for redevelopment |
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Definition
tourism, employment, propaganda, surveillance. urban planning.
-Piazza Venezia- road to Colosseum and held military parades
-Via della Conciliazione-street in front of Vatican and St. Peters. honoring church propaganda and shows good relations with the church
-La Sapienza- american style university. little external decoration - monumental. neoclassical. autarchy. |
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Term
| Key Points Football, Art, and Culture in Fascist Italy |
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Definition
| fascism did produce culture. artists able to work and supported without direct censorship. defending artistic freedom while stifling free expression is good propaganda. architecture widely acclaimed for modernity, simplicity, monumentality, and classicalism. Rome used to project Mussolini and regime and symbolize a strong and united Italy |
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Term
| Principles of italian Foreign Policy |
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Definition
| maintain good relations with leading sea power in Mediterean (especially Britain). treaty revisions |
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Term
| Early Foreign Policy Agreements |
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Definition
| 1924 commercial treaties with Germany and USSR. 1925 Treaty of Locarno recognized European borders. 1928 Kellog Briand Pact European agreement to stop war |
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Term
| Early Italian Interventions |
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Definition
| 1923 - Corfu Incident - murder of Italian general then occupies Corfu and bombs it (shows man of action and international success). 1925 Intervention Albanian Civil War (looking for colonization). Form Anti Versailles block with Albania, Bulgaria, and Hungary in opposition of Versailles Treaty and looking to change borders |
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Term
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Definition
| 18th century great interest in explaining different cultures. darwin 1859. importance of rome due to basis of modern civilization. |
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Term
| Interpretations of Fascism Racism |
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Definition
| disliked arrogant presumptions of Nordic racism. Mussolini made references to italian race (vague not specified). fascist policy intended to regenerate the race through mild eugenic policies (social engineering). nationalist influence develop race as a living entity that transcends through generations |
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Term
| italian empire and Ethopian campaign |
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Definition
1896 - defeated by Ethopians at Adua (embarrassing)
1911 - LIbya invasion (attempt for colony)
Scramble for African colonies by europeans for african money, land, minerals, etc.
1935 - invade Eritrea and 1936 proclaim Empire (stirs nationalism, height of Mussolini's popularity and false impression of italian stength) |
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Term
| Governing the Empire and Decree Law on Racial Conduct 1937 |
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Definition
brutal rule. no right for nationalist feelings. slavery abolished only if they subject to Italian rule.
decree law on racial conduct - outlaws Madamismo (white and black no crossovers). sexual relations allowed between Italian men and ethopian prostitutes. racial segregation rigidly applied for kids. no conjugal relations with colonial subjects (penalty is 1 to 5 years in prison for Italian citizens) |
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Term
| explanations for fascist racism |
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Definition
| tool to deepen state terrorism. need to accelerate change. articial creation of Italo-German alliance ->pressurs from extreme anti semitics and reinforced italo german alliance |
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Term
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Definition
| italian intervention on side of Franco for fear of communist take over in SPain. wanted Franco's spain to become Italian client. ambitions in Spain failed but relationship with Germany cemented. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1959 unconditional support between Germany and Italy. Hilter tells Mussolini there won't be a war until '43. |
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Term
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Definition
| change when invasion of African and a belief of racial superiority ideals emerge. regime worried about ayran sites and church relations. manifesto of the racial scientists declares the Italian population is Aryan. |
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Term
| racial laws november 1938 |
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Definition
italian jews cannot:
-marry Aryans
hold public office
join PNF
own >50 hectares of land
own any business with >100 employees
non Italian jews to be deported
6,000 italian jews left italy 1938-41 |
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Term
| Key Points Foreign, Imperial, and Racial Policy |
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Definition
| gradual evolution of policy. german leadership was important and involved in radicalization of Italy to an extent. need to show how great Italy is due to its past failures. weak international community (ie League of Nations) |
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Term
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Definition
| Germany invades poland. italy does not join war yet (non belligerance - not netural but not fighting). Italy joins when Germany are assumed to win due to their quick advances. Italy was a subservite partner to Germany. rationing of food in italy. |
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Term
| First oppositions against regime |
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Definition
1942 strikes in facorties (first one in over 20 years)
1943 strikes in Milan and Turin
the regime failed to win over the working class. |
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Term
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Definition
| first allied landings in Sicily and allied forces move north. Mussolini popularity collapsed. Fascist Grand Council in 1943 votes Mussolini out and gives King confidence to remove him out of prime minister position. Mussolini replaced by Badolgio (head of the army). with 45 days of celebrating of end of fascism. demonstrations brutally put down by police. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1943. italy wants to be an equal partner but not equipped. co-belligerent ( in war alongside them but have no rights or say in actions) |
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Term
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Definition
| fomed by people who do not want to be conscripted. guiralla warfare. fighting against fascism. They help the allies move north in Italy but not fully recognized until later. They have a left wing association. the resistance finds Mussolini on a train to Switzerland and finds him guilty and shots and hangs him. |
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Term
| Post War Anti-Fascist Coalition |
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Definition
| june 1945. first post war government. led by Resistance leader Ferruccio Parri. PSI and PCI condiencet of becoming major politicial forces. Left is cooperating with the Democratic Christians. |
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Term
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Definition
| De Gasperi demands referedum. King Victor Emmanuel III abdicates throne and succeeded by his son who eventually flees into exile. Enrico De Nicola is the first president of Italian Republic./ |
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Term
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Definition
| first free elections in 20 years. Democratic Christians win the most percentage. first election women can vote |
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Term
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Definition
| compromise between all groups. approved in 1947. laws passed by both houses of parliament (checks and balances). system of proportional represenation which pro - smaller parties get represenation con - harder to pass laws. civil and politica liberties guaranteed. regionalism promised (local govt). Catholicism is the official religion. |
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Term
| Alcide de Gasperi and the Democratic Christians |
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Definition
| promoting Catholicism and left. intent on maintaing alliance and in govt (needed PCI support). 1947 de Gasperi broke with the left once peace treaty and concordat signed (left gainig power and US pressure) |
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Term
| palimiro talgiatti and the italian communist party |
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Definition
| stressed PCI's committment to democracy and national uity. socialist rule via peaceful establishment. the PSI split between democratic and revoluntionary figures. |
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Term
| Catholic Church in Reconstruction |
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Definition
| only surviving organ of leadership. does not include communism or socialism in its ideals. direct appeal to women. use of mass culture. |
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Term
| Economy in Reconstruction |
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Definition
| US and Britain give massive reparations. US gave massive aid. new govt agencies increase financial strength and autonomy. Luigi Einaudi (DC party) issues deflationary policies. De Gasperi visits US and gets a 100 million loan. Enrico Mattei creates national agency for hydocarbons (ENI- creates cheaper gas and helps devleopment of cars). state has monopoly on petroleum gas. |
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Term
| Society in Reconstruction |
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Definition
| social reform necessary. majority in south with lack of resources anc capital. Giullo Decrees, Southern Development Fund, Varioni Plan all attemopts to help South but did not help enough. in late 1950s huge emigration to States and Northern Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| political electioneering of Pope Pius XII. Soviets invae Czech and increase fear of communism. Democratic Chrsitians have extreme success |
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Term
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Definition
| US wants italy to join western world. italy enter nato. joined Eurpean Coal and Steel Community.US military bases in Italy. |
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Term
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Definition
| la legge fruffa (the swindle law) the government introduced a superbonus of two thirds of seats in the House for the coalition which would obtain at large the absolute majority of votes but the Democratic Christians did not get it so they did not complete domination. |
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Term
| key Points Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Republic faield to define itself completely in rleation to Fascism. Democratic Christians had economic and political program success (US relations not taken for granted, benefits evident for US in 1958). threat from Southern peasantry was diffused. public sector increased. relations between citizens and stae not improved (state bodies bypassed by the likes of ENI) |
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