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| Mid 19th Century, Napoleon III makes himself Emperor; felt concern for the working classes. Government was authoritarian, little parliamentary influence. Great economic development.
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| Mid 19th Century, Napoleon III’s new kind of banking institution. Raised funds by selling its shares to the public. STOCK. |
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| Late 19th Century, stockholder can’t lose more money than the value the stock. Encouraged many people with little money to invest. STOCK EXCHANGE BOOMED.
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| Mid 19th Century, weakened both Austria and Russia, countries that didn’t want nationalism or national changes.
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| Mid 19th Century, means “resurgence.” Desire for a liberal national state in Italy. Mazzini’s writings fostered this. |
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| Mid 19th Century, prime minister of Piedmont. Wanted to unify Italy by war with Austria.
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| Mid 19th Century, enter into war with Austria in order to attain Italy.
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| Mid 19th Century, chief minister to Prussia’s new parliament. He did not believe that Germany was his homeland- he thought he was Prussian. He enlarged Prussia’s army in order to enlarge the Prussian borders. Creates the North German Confederation.
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| Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War) |
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| Mid 19th Century, Prussian army defeated the Austrians and all other German states. Bismark make peace quickly to keep the war quiet |
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| Mid 19th Century, Bismark made this happen in order to get the last German states into a union with Prussia. French lost because they had no allies. Prussians conquered. |
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| Late 19th Century, Bismark officially took over France and Paris. Germans took over a large part of France’s land. Completely changed the look and layout of Europe. Germany now = PRUSSIA.
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| Mid 19th Century, emperor of Germany, Habsburg, incapable of opinions, bold decisions. |
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| Between Germans of Bohemia and Magyars of Hungary. Created a DUAL MONARCHY. Each (Bohemia and Hungary) had its own constitution and parliament; joined by SAME HABSBURG RULER IS HEAD OF BOTH COUNTRIES. |
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| Early 20th Century, revolutionaries that had violent contempt for the Russian government. Wanted overthrow. Formed secret organizations. |
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| Early 20th Century, educated Russians, with Western Ideas, estranged from the government. |
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| Late 19th Century, explosion of social revolution. Anti-German feelings with patriotic and republican feelings, too. Lots of fighting. |
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| Late 19th Century, political developments for voting to working class men, mass political parties, and political leaders. WELFARE STATE. Political Assembly drafted constitutionary laws for the REPUBLIC. There would be a president, a 2-chamber parliament, and a council of ministers. |
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| Late 19th Century, French military found Jewish Captain Dreyfus guilty of treason, but he was really innocent. He was sent to prison because the military refused to admit its wrongdoing. Dreyfus was pardoned in 1899. |
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| Late 19th Century, Bismark’s “battle for modern civilization.” Laws were put on Catholics, restricting worship and education. |
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| Late 19th Century, mix of Marxian socialist and reformist Ferdinand Lasalle followers. 1878-1890, Bismark made laws prohibiting socialist actions, but couldn’t kill socialism- 1890, asked to retire.
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| Late 19th Century became last King of Prussia and last German Kaiser. Grandson to William I. Asked Bismark to retire. Began a “new course”--- kindness towards laboring class, antisocialist laws dropped. |
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Term
| New Industrial Revolution |
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| Late 19th Century, new types of power were developed. Electricity, Gasoline engine, chemal industries, tunnels, and the telephone and telegraphs. Steel became the key product of the New Industrial Age. |
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| Mid 19th century, huge amounts of importing in Europe, mainly Great Britian. They needed a system to balance the amount of imports and small exports.
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| Mid-nineteenth century, system to make up the difference in the balance of payments. Done in the form of shipping and insurance for foreigners and interest on foreign money exchange. “the Lloyds of London.”
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| Late 19th Century, corporate organizations made work happen under unified management. Companies began to produce the things they needed to produce their main products. IE- steel workers operated their own coal and iron mines so they didn’t have to depend on independent producers.
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| Late 19th Century, companies worked together to reduce competition. Called TRUSTS.
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| Early 20th Century, British courts. Found unions to be inancially responsible for business losses of an employer during a union strike. Overturned in 1906 by new Labour party in Parliament. |
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| Late 19th Century, Marxism became revionism, led by Jean Jaures in France. “Class conflict might not be inevitable, that capitalism may be transformed in the workers’ interest” which leads to the workers’ votes, own political party.
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| Late 19th Century, “trade unionism” and the idea that workers’ unions might become the supreme authoritative institutions in society.
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| Early 20th Century, uncompromising Marxists. From the Russian word “majority.”
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| Charles Darwin, Origin of Species |
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, created the idea of evolution, completely changing the intellectual theme for the era. Evolution became a scientific study.
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| Early 20th Century, study of human behavior. Found that emotional disturbances are signs of earlier episodes of patients’ lives.
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| Early 20th Century, matter was transmutable, by being converted into energy. ALBERT EINSTEIN. |
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| Late 19th Century, “Anything unknowable to science must therefore remain unknowable forever.” Some Agnostics wanted a universe governed by Darwinian evolution. |
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| Mid 19th Century, German philosopher. Unsystematic, radical thinker. Believed in a new type of person, like Superman. Wasn’t highly respected. |
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| Late 19th Century, the Church faced lots of criticism. Protestants divided themselves into either modernists or fundamentalitsts. In order to defend the Bible, they didn’t put faith in science. |
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| Mid 19th Century, letter to Catholics, written by Pope Pius IX, as a warning. Consists of a long list of things in the modern culture that Catholics should abhor.
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| Late 19th Century, Italy annexed the city of Rome while the prelates fo the Vatican Council were meeting. In 1929, Italy conceded the Vatican City to the pope.
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| Late 19th Century, Pope Leo XIII’s social doctrine that called private property a natural right, found fault with capitalism for the poverty. Also, socialism was Christian in principal.
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| Late 19th Century, Theodor Herzel created modern, politial Aionism. Hoped to establish a Jewish state in Palestine for all Jews to live.
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| Early 20th Century, nations tried to strengthen themselves theough taxes, trade competition, and regulations, without worrying about any other nations.
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| Early 20th Century, Russian Marxists held a second party congress where 2 factions developed. Meaning “minority.”
People often favored a more open, large party. Believed in resembling the Marxist of Europe. |
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| Early 20th Century, “majority” with strong central government, more private, small. Believed in the reaffirmation of Marxian fundamentals. |
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| Early 20th Century, Europeans wanted goods of particular quality and type. They moved into “backward” countries and set up shop there, paying inhabitants to create the goods desired. Europeans aspired to political and territorial domination. |
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| Mid 19th Century, British statesman, believed that the community should take better care of its members. Britain’s government should take better care of the welfare of its people. Also, a worldwide British trading system should be developed.
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| Late 19th Century, activists of the reform era in Turkey. Opposed Sultan Abdul Hamid in the Ottoman Empire. Driven away from their homeland, they laid in waiting to get vengeance on Abdul Hamid.
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| Late 19th Century, Russians dreamed of conquering Constantinople. “Crusading motives, in a nationalist and imperialist age.” They dreamt of uniting an Eastern Federation.
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| Late 19th Century, Otto Von Bismarck formed congress to avoid great European war. Decision was reached to divided the Ottoman Empire. |
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| Late 19th Century, Goals: set up the territories of the Congo as an international state, and to set up rules for how to acquire African territories. The Congo became an international territory with formal boundaries. This was good in theory, but the world had no way of enforcing international laws.
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| Late 19th Century, Britain and France almost go to war. The French backed down and pulled their forces out. Caused by desire for the same territory of the Fashoda.
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| Late 19th Century, when diamonds were found in small African countries, British man, Cecil Rhodes, Prime Minister of the Cape in Africa, tried to force the other African countries into war in order to attain the diamond wealth. |
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| Early 20th Century, after the South African War, Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Cape Colony, and Natal formed the Union of South Africa.
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| Mid 19th Century, in India, Indians that were in the British army were dissatisfied with British policies. The British had demoralized them, the Muslim and Hindu religions, and many cultural facets. The Indian soldiers for the British, called “sepoys,” rose up.
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| Late 19th Century, Indians were being raised educated and literate in English, and demanded to have a part in the affairs of their country. |
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| Late 19th Century, a Chinese secret society. The Boxers pulled up train tracks and killed foreigners. An international force put down the rebellion.
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| Late 19th Century, The United States proposed the Open Door policy, when China was about to become virtually partitioned between multiple other countries. It meant that China would be left intact and alone, countries would just remain power over the parts they already had.
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| Early 20th Century, the Japanese started the war. Both Russia and Japan wanted power over Manchuria. Although Japan beat Russia in the war, President T. Roosevelt brought both powers to an agreement. |
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| Early 19th Century, landowners wanted to increase their incomes so they experimented with cultivation and stock raising. Landowners needed more land, though, so they implemented the enclosure acts which gave them private ownership over lands. |
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| Early 19th Century, Landowners wanted greater privately owned lands so they changed the laws in Parliament and enclosed lands. They put fences and walls up which took land from the villagers. Land quickly became owned by just a few wealthy men. RESULT- raised productivity and increased amount of people being wage earners, dependant on daily wages from work.
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| Early 18th Century, invented the fly shuttle, enabling one person to do the job that previously took 2. RESULT- increase in the output of weaving, leading to the increased demand for yarn. |
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Definition
| Late 18th Century, patented the water frame. Used to spin multiple threads at one time. At first, used with water power, then added steam engine to it. Because of the large amount of machinery, water frames worked in large building called MILLS or FACTORIES. |
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| Late 18th Century, technician at a University, improved on the steam engine. Previously the steam engine consumed too much fuel and could only be used in coal mines. Watt went into business with Matthew Boulton (the financer of the operation). RESULT- the steam engine became used for the British and for export. |
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| Late 18th Century, considered to be the first and most famous of Britian's new industrial cities. Before industry, Manchester was a market town. It functioned as a Manorial town. Lacked rules and officals and taxes. Difficult for cities to deal with rapid urbanization, no police, water pollution. Housing was built CLOSE TOGETHER. Full of factories with unskilled workers. |
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| Early 18th Century, created by Thomas Newcomen. Was improved by James Watt. Was used for production in late 18th century. EARLY 19th CENTURY- used in transportation. |
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| Early 19th Century, first industrial capitalists, aka FACTORY OWNERS. Were self-made, lived in comfort thru fruglaness and savings. Were hard working and would do anything necessary to make their money. THOUGHT THEY WERE DOING THE POOR A FAVOR BY ALLOWING THEM PRODUCTIVE WORK. |
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| Late 18th Century, desire for "natural laws" of production and exchange in economic markets. "Classical Economics." Belief that there is a world of economic relationships that is completely different from government. |
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| Early 19th Century, proposed by Robert Peel. Goal was to regulate the conditions of poor kids in the mills. There was no formal government administrators in England, though, so the Act didn't work. Industrialists CONSIDERED IT UNNATURAL TO INTERFERE WITH BUSINESS. |
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| Mid 19th Century, classical economists (makers of laissez-faire) thought that workers shouldn't expect to make more than minimum wage, the bare minimum. Called this theory "Iron Law of Wages." WHY? BECAUSE WHEN WORKERS GET MORE MONEY, THEY BREED MORE, SPEND MORE, AND REQUIRE MORE MONEY AGAIN. |
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| Late 18th Century, author of "Wealth of Nations." This book inspired laissez-faire and criticized older mercantilism. Wanted "natural laws." |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, Italian nationalist philosopher. Spent most of his life in exile. Founded society called Young Italy. To him, nationality and revolution were like a religion. Wrote "The Duties of Man," which placed duty to nation between duty to family and to God. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, book of fairytales from Germany. Nationalist feelings were so strong in Germany that they're messages were worked into everything, including books. The Grimm brothers collected fairytales from all over Germany hoping to foster patriotic feelins fo the native people. |
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| Early 19th Century, philosopher that believed that in order for people to enjoy freedom and dignity, they must have a formal, independent state. He said that national states give evidence to "the march of God through time and history." He said change happend through the creation of opposites. Thesis-->Anthesis-->Synthesis. At the synthesis, a new way of thinking began in order to start the process all over. |
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| Early 19th Century, all branches of Slavs began to develop new nationalism. IMPORTANT: because this was the farthest impact made by the East European movements. |
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| Early 19th Century, wanted to maintain the Habsburg dynasty. Desired to convert tsar Alexander from Christianity to conservatism. Intervened in Germany after terror activities and prompted the government to pass bills allowing it to censor and intervene in universities. |
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| Early 19th Century, tsar of Russia who wanted to ave the world and bring Christianity into politics. Crowned Jacobin and a liberal. Through the Vienna Settlement, was crowned king of Poland. Poles found that Alexander disliked people disagreeing with him. Created the "Holy Alliance," the collaboration of the Europeat states, the suppression of revolutionary and liberal activity. |
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| Early 19th Century, college clubs in Germany that replaced drinking clubs. Burschenschaft were dedicated to the democratic opposition to aristocrats, princes, and kings. Held nationwide congress and burned a few books. Later, student assassinated a famous writer so the government and Metternich stepped in to pass the Carlsbad Decrees. |
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| Early 19th Century, broke apart the Burschenschaft and all nationalistic clubs. Gave the government the right to monitor and censor universities. Proposed by Metternich. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, landowners in Parliament feared imported agricultural goods would take over home-grown goods. Wanted protection. These laws raised tarriffs on imports. Landowners benefited but wager earners didn't have enough money to buy wheat products. RESULT- wages fell, much unemployment, spread of political radicalism. |
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| Early 19th Century, a mass of British people met in Manchester to demand representation in Parliament, male suffrage, and the repeal of the Corn Laws. The soldiers fired upon them, 11 people were killed and 400 injured. RADICALS CALLED THIS PETERLOO MASACRE B/C IT'S LIKE THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO. |
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| Early 19th Century, in response to the Peterloo Massacre, the government passed these acts to outlaw seditious literature, heavy tax on newspapers, allowed the search of homes, restricted public meetings. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, began at the Congress of Vienna and agreed to hold meetings to enforce treaties. Congresses arose and showed step toward international regulation of European affairs. Congress of Aachen- goal- to withdraw the allied army from France. After Congress of Verona no more meetings were held. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, after the death of Alexander I, the Russian throne was up for grabs between his sons Constantine and Nicholas. The military favored Constantine and an in December proclaimed him and the Consitutition (his wife) royalty. This revolt was put down and some officers were killed. RESULT: Russia clamped down repression on them. |
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| Early 19th Century, the King of France, Charles X, came to power and created many new laws. The people opposed the rules. The Chamber of Deputies also disapproved. Charles X dissolved the Chamber and passed 4 new laws. 1-Throw out the newest Chamber. 2-Censorship of press. 3-less voting power. 4-new election. The people revolted for 3 days. Charles X abdicated. |
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| Early 19th Century, "bourgeois monarchy" or "July monarchy." Was shockingly revolutionary b/c insurrection and republicans got him to the throne. He considered himself to be king of the PEOPLE and flew the revolutionary flag. NO MORE ABSOLUTISM. The Chambers were formatted differently- this was the biggest change. The people that benefitted were the upper bourgeoisie. |
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Term
| Catholic Emancipation Act |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, the British Liberal Tories regime gave rights to Catholics as everyone else. This Act said that Catholics in Britain and Ireland would be treated witht he same rights. This is significant because in the past Tories had been more strict; the Liberal Tories gave more rights. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, the British people desired reform in the form of representation. Before this, 2 dozed bills had been proposed and failed. THIS PREVENTED REVOLUTION. The bill increased teh electorate and redistributed votes by region and class so MIDDLE CLASS IN NEW CITIES COULD VOTE! Importance? New money people could govern alongside old money!! |
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, limited the working time to 10 hours a day for women and children. Most people didn't like it because it wnet against what they considered to be laissez-faire and economic law for the employer and worker. Yet the British industry prospered. GREATEST VICTORY FOR THE WORKING CLASSES. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, Whigs-Liberals, wager earners, industrialists opposed the Corn Laws because they kept up the price of food and wages. Industrialists vs. aristocracy and landowners. League operated like a political party- working through information, pamphlets. Repealed laws in MID 19th Century. RESULT: Britain became dependant on an international economic system. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, all states of Europe sent representatives to sit at the meeting. All the important matters were decided by the 4 Great Powers, though. The countries wanted to restore the "liberties of Europe" (the freedom of European states form domination of a single power.) WANTED A BALANCE OF POWER-- PEACE. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, an assembly of delegates, called a convention, met in London to form a petition to give to the House of Commons in favor of the Charter of 1838. Conventions were regarded as boides tat represented the people and favored armed violence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, began his reign as King of France as WHITE TERROR was overtaking the country. Upper class kids were murdering republicans, catholics killed protestants. The Chamber of Deputies became more reactionary than the King himself. The King's nephew was killed, too, but all of the terror stopped when Louis XVIII died after 10 years as King. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, one of the first socialists. Also one of the first cotton lords in Manchester. Created a type of model city for his employees- high wages, reduced hours, schools and houses. Crusadd for social reformed. |
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Definition
| Late 18th Centrury, early French socialist who had fought in the American Independence War and had accepted the French Revolution. His followers called themselves Saint-Simonians and advocated public ownership of capital with control in the hands of the great captains of society. |
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Definition
| Late 18th Century, advocate for the working classes in France. Louis Blanc was a journalist who was one of the most important early socialist writers. Proposed system of "social workshops," state supported manufacturing centers. |
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, coined the term "sociology." French philosopher who say human histroy in three states: theological, metaphysical, scientific. The world shoudl be more focused on the science of society. "Positivism" means an insistence on verfiable facts, and avoidance of wishful thinking, a questioning of all assumptions, and a dislike of unprovable generalizations. |
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, German term that meant a "politics of reality." This became the new emphasis of realism. Means that governments shouldn't be goverened by ideology or by desire to defend/promote any view of the world, but rather that they should follow their own practical interests. Bismarck followed REALPOLTIK. |
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, German philosopher who wrote left-wing journals and publications. Author of the Communist Manifesto. Believed very strongly in a communist revolution and a proletarian revolution. |
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, German who worked with Karl Marx and helped to write the Communist Manifesto. Joined the Communist League, a revolutionary secret society. Strongly believed in the power of revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, written by Marx and Engels, the Communist Manifesto was meant to be inflamitory. It said that workers were deprived of weath they had earned. The bourgeoisie exploited people. Religion was just a drug. Said that workers should be loyal to nothing but their own class. Called for a communist revolution. This was a result of the out reak of revolution in France. |
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, leader of the radical party in Hungary. After hearing fo the February Revolution in Paris, Kossuth spoke about the virtues of liberty. Its effects were widespread. In Vienna the people revolted and invaded the palace, successfully getting the government and Metternich to resign. Leader of the national party wich caused the creation of the "March Laws" which gve consitiutional separatism within the empire. |
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, with the lack of a government in Germany, educated peoples met at Frankfurt to form a liberal, self-governing country. Non-violent. Dependant on the Prussian army to stop outbreaks of violence. Issued the Declaration of the Rights of the German People and a consitutition. Hereditary headship goes to King Frederick William of Prussia; he rejected it. Frankfurt Assembly failed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, the goal of the "Bach system" was to rid Austria of all forms of popular self-expression with a reliance on military force. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, the "liberal pope." After the nationalist movement in central Europe and Italy, he took back the papal throne and rejected all of his previous liberal ideas. Wrote the Syllabus of Errors, which warned all Catholics against modern civilization and liberalism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, after the Frankfurt Assembly determined that their heridatary king should be that of Prussia, they offered their crown ot Frederick William IV. Was tempted to take it. The Prussian military and landlords didn't want him to take it. He would have to control the lesser states, too, and didn't want that. He turned down the offer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early 19th Century, Prussia's government wanted to support its economic life so it created a tariff union. It began with just the smal states in Prussia but eventually became almost all of Germany. Called Zollverein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, France's Republican leaders set up a provisional government and divided up between the majority- the political republicans and the minority- the social republicans (Blanc). Desired that the Provisional Government create "social workshops" quickly, but they just created watered down versions of these. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, Louis Blanc proposed to the Provisional Government of France that they create a system of "social workshops." What they did instead was to create a system of "national workshops," which were not much more that a concession to the social republicans. Nothing significant was ever done with them. |
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Term
| Louis Napoleaon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) |
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Definition
| Mid 19th Century, nephew of the famous Napoleaon, was elected President by popular vote. He dissolved the Consittuent Assembly and formed the Legislative Assembly; cojured away with socialism and republicanism. Was known as the People's Friend. Later was elected President for 10 years, then took over the country as an Empire, calling himself Napoleon III. |
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