Term
| China Falling Behind in the 1830s |
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Definition
| used up many of their resources, did not have the advantage that the West did in discovering a new continent |
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Term
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Definition
| "People located sovereignty in the ruler, lacked a concept of civic equality, and continued to derive primary intellectual inspiration from universal religious doctrines" - Victor Lieberman |
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Term
| Cardinal Virtues of Confucianism |
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Definition
Ren(charity), Li(principle), Xin(sincerity), Yi(moral disposition to do good), Zhi(knowledge/wisdom), Xiao(filial piety)
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Term
| Five Relationships of Confucianism |
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Definition
| Ruler/Subject, Father/Son, Older Brother/Younger Brother, Husband/Wife, and Friend/Friend |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to the divine right of kings, something that was said to be lost after defeat in war or natural disaster/famine |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasized the great learning, the analects, the mean, and Mencius |
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Term
| Wang Yangming (1472-1529) |
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Definition
| "School of Mind". Emphasized innate ideas, moral good. He was very into meditation and was very popular in Japan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primers, (three hundred character classic and 1,000 character classic)the four books, (Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects, and Mencius) and the five classics (history, poetry, annals of Spring and Autumn, Rites, and Changes) |
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Term
| Civil Service Examinations |
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Definition
| County/Prefectural town -> Province -> Metropolitan. To pass the metropolitan, would mean becoming a jinshi ("presented scholar" and top bureaucrat) in either one of the six ministries or high provincial magistrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| They could not take the exam in any of the three countries. Formal education was attainable mainly to upper class women in the home. |
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Term
| Korean Confucian Social Class Structure |
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Definition
| King -> Xiangban (aristocracy), Chung'ie, Commoners ->Subhuman (slaves) |
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Term
| Japanese Confucian Social Structure |
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Definition
| Emperor -> Daimyo -> Samurai -> Farmers/Peasants -> Artisans -> Subhumans |
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Term
| Diasporas and Confucianism |
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Definition
| Helped spread Confucianism to other parts of Asia, mainly the southeastern region in countries like Vietnam |
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Term
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Definition
| A unifier of Japan, very brutal in combat and his harsh tactics led to his assassination in 1582. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pacifier of Japan, successor to Nobunaga. He is responsible for the "Sword Hunt", where they disarmed the rural population and melted it down to create a Great Buddha statue. Established class inheritance (samurai, peasant, artisan) and expelled samurai from rural area. He died of a fatal illness and was obsessed with the invasion of China and Korea. |
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Term
| Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) |
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Definition
| Third unifier of Japan. He successfully established the new capital of Edo, which is now Tokyo. Cold and calculating, grew up as a prisoner of war, always seemed to be on the right side of issues despite not being well-liked. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea. China came to Korea's aid. The result was a successful stave-off after both invasions, but greatly damaged all three countries financially. Korea lost 1/3 of its arable farm land and China expended resources that caused it to weaken its positioning against Manchuria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transition from Ming to Qing Dynasty under Emperor Kangxi. Under the Qing, China expanded to the largest it ever was near the end of the 18th century. |
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Term
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Definition
| Partible, meaning it was divided among the sons. The problem this presented was families losing land as generations pressed on. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primogeniture patrilineage was the style of inheritance, where the first born son received the land and valuables owned by the deceased. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple currencies including gold, silver, copper, rice, and cash. Uniform land tax was the typical use for cash and rice as currency |
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Term
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Definition
| Gold, Silver (mainly), and Copper |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasingly became cash-based (although some taxes were still paid in rice). |
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Term
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Definition
| forced labor by the leader or local official, often free of pay. |
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Term
| Chinese Government controlled imports |
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Definition
| In the 17th century, the Chinese Government tried to control the important exports of silk and porcelain |
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Term
| Japanese Government controlled imports |
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Definition
| In the 17th century, the Japanese Government tried to control the important exports of silver and copper |
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Term
| Korean Government controlled imports |
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Definition
| In the 17th century, the Korean government tried to control the important export of ginseng. |
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Term
| The First Opium War (1839-1842) |
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Definition
| Between Britain and China when Commissioner Lin Zexu was tasked with getting rid of the opium that had many Chinese addicted. This leads to war after opium is burned and westerners are kept in factories. Britain ends up winning the war. |
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Term
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Definition
| First unequal treaty China is forced to sign, grants extraterritoriality to Britain and eventually other western powers. Opens up many Chinese ports to trade. |
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Term
| The Arrow War/The Second Opium War |
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Definition
| Against Britain and France this time. China loses again, gives up more ports to trade, loses control of tariffs set, and concedes Hong Kong. This is resolved and agreed upon in the Treaty of Tianjin. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1876, they were coerced by Japan to sign an unequal treaty resembling that of the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Nanjing. Other western powers were able to sign unequal treaties with them by 1882. |
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Term
| Japanese External Threats |
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Definition
| Incursions from Russia, America, and England around the same time period as China and Korea struggled with the emergence of unequal treaties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hwang Sa-yong, an aristocratic Catholic convert, wrote a letter to the Bishop of Beijing describing the religious persecutions in Choson and pleaded for help, including massive western military force to subdue Choson and subordinate it to the Qing emperor. |
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Term
| 8 Trigrams Rebellion (1812) |
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Definition
| Rebellion in Korea in 1812 that was crushed harshly because it looked to displace the regime at the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rebellion in Korea in 1862 led by yangban and commoners. Successful in bringing about an effort to reduce corruption in the tax collection process. Only some of the leaders were executed, was not squashed militarily by the Korean Army. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese Rebellion led by Hong, who converted to a form of Christianity that incorporated Confucian ideas. They successfully took Nanjing and made it their capital by the early 1850s. They were ultimately crushed by the Qing (who needed help from the western powers). They were initially successful because they had modern weaponry (which they acquired from the Western merchants who were now protected by treaties) and knew how to use it. |
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Term
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Definition
| They were very similar to Nagasaki. They were directly controlled by foreign governments and existed for short periods of time, where the westerners would be isolated from the rest of society, there merely to deal their goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| predecessor to the rickshaw, used for mountainous travel. Very difficult work for the carriers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dutch and other Western learning were introduced to Japan through Dutch texts. This sparked the introduction of the Institute for Inspection Of Barbaric Books, which eventually starts a school and translates texts (particularly those on Geography, medical science, and military technology). The school evolved into what is known today as Tokyo University. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1820s - 1860s were a tough time period for Japan as there was economic decline, starvation, poor harvest, and it led to many riots. The Tempo reforms were an attempt to address these problems, but they did not work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally translates to "Why Not?" and is a movement that saw the system as broken, but because they did not believe themselves able to change it, they would simply act in unpredictable manner, such as public nudity to show their dissatisfaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Opening the country" a position that divided the country. It was in reference to the American appearance that presented them with the option of blowing the ship up or opening complete trade with America. They instead chose to sign the treaty of Kanagawa that started their unequal treaties. |
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Term
| Townsend Harris's Treaty (1856) |
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Definition
| Really opens up trade with Japan for America and closely resembles the Treaty of Nanjing, causing Japan to truly feel the effects of unequal treaties for the first time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unlikely cooperation of Choshu and Satsuma (due at least in part to the actions of individuals Sakamoto Ryonna, Yoshida Shoin, and Saigo Takamori) leads to them teaming up with Tosa and successfully overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1867. |
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Term
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Definition
| After overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate, they restore the emperor. Emperor Iwakura is 16 and very much a puppet of the genro, who are effectively an oligarchy. They are willing to try many different types of reforms and aim to modernize Japan. |
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Term
| Reforms of the Meiji Restoration |
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Definition
They got rid of the samurai class, domains, and gave free speech and assembly to men.
They formed the Meiji Six to discuss what modernity was and hold discussion on other pressing topics. This led to the adoption of new words not derived from the Chinese. |
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Term
| Ways Japan Achieved Modernity |
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Definition
| Modeled after the western powers they took three courses of action: hired foreign workers/help, translated many books, (especially Alfred Thayer Mahan on the navy) and the adoption of imperialism (Ryukyu Islands, forced Korea into an unequal treaty) |
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Term
| Korean Self-Strengthening |
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Definition
| 1870s-1895 had China and Japan competing for control over Korea. Many failed coups and rebellions, most notably the Kapsin Coup (similar to the Meiji Restoration) which led to the Li-Ito agreement, which led to the Sino-Japanese War. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1894-1896 Korean reforms targeted at reducing corruption, class distinction, and nepotism. They allow for widows to re-marry and send people abroad to study western teachings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fought between Chinese and Japanese on mainly Korean soil. Started because the Chinese came to the aid of the Choson Korean military against a peasant rebellion against corruption in 1892. The Li-Ito Agreement stated China would have to tell Japan when it was sending troops to Korea, but China did not notify the Japanese when deciding to help curb the rebellion's efforts. This led to Japan defeating China due to being better trained for both naval and land combat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for Korean Enlightenment, was an American-educated doctor. He started The Independence, a periodical in Hang'ul that lasts from 1896-1898. It calls for a modernized Korea that embraces progressive demands such as adopting a constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement in 1860 that set up a Western-style office to deal with foreigners. They established a school that focused on western studies. Headed by Li Hongzhang. |
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Term
| China's Domestic Struggles |
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Definition
| Rebellions in the Muslim West, in Yu'naan, and the Taiping Rebellion drained fiscal resources. In this time period, Japan invested more heavily in the military during. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reigned from 1861 to 1908, when she died. She appointed her nephew, Emperor Guangxu in 1875, used him mainly as a puppet due to his young age. She was against many of the reforms that were proposed, but was lenient with this. Refused to adopt western government-styles, but embraced western technology and military self-strengthening. |
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Term
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Definition
| He reformed the customs system of Japan so efficiently that by the time he finished the reforms, the customs system generated 1/3 of the Qing government's revenue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pro-Qing reformer that also encourages western learning. Presses Qing to embrace it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reformer that isn't ready to say Qing is necessary to be removed. Sees Japan as a great model, thinks it's important to garner a sense of renewal in people and instill a sense of nationalism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-Qing. Sent to exile, after earning a phD in western medicine in Hong Kong. He stayed with his brother in Hawaii. Attempted a coup in 1895, it was a monumental failure. |
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Term
| Guangxu Emperor "Hundred Days Reform" |
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Definition
| Kang Youwei and others work through the Guangxu Emperor to pass reforms similar to Meiji. Put down by Empress Dowager, ended the blossoming period of reform. She gets back into control and keeps him confined for the rest of her life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only lost about 300 soldiers, first time aircraft carriers were used, and they didn't fight many battles. |
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Term
| May 4th incident (Japanese perspective) |
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Definition
| They received four of their five demands on China (resources, mining rights, railroad rights, certain levels of control, and extraterritorial rights to Manchuria). They received Qingdao because Germany owned it. They also received Micronesia, which proved important for naval battles in WWII. |
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Term
| March 1st Document (Korea) |
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Definition
| Korean document that first showed nationalist sentiment and a western tone, granted women's rights |
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Term
| Japanese reaction to the March 1st Document |
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Definition
| Reacted with an iron fist. Still has residual effects in Korea today. Korean figures say 7,500 died, Japan says 500 some died. Probably closer to Korean figures |
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Term
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Definition
| 1910s and 1920s, Vladimir Lenin wrote about imperialism negatively, student-led movements and demonstration, some violence, (nothing compared to March 1st movement) want Qingdao back, strong nationalist claims, real beginning of modernity for China (language reform). |
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Term
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Definition
| liberalization of women challenged traditional ideals. Beginning of Martial Law in Japan and Korea, economic struggles (had to shrink money supply to return to the gold standard) |
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Term
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Definition
| Debt owed to England caused financial struggle, lead to mini collapse in 1929 that helped cause global depression |
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Term
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Definition
| limited naval and military power in general, meant to dial down the arms race, infuriated Japan as they were only allowed to have a navy 3/5 the size of the western imperials (American and Britain). It also restricted immigration of Chinese and Japanese people. |
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Term
| North China Famine (1927-1930) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| comes out of the May 4th movement, but a lot of intellectuals arise as well. They introduce a lot of western ideas, some more radical (which includes Communists). They made a point to keep Chinese Nationalism at the forefront. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prior to the 1920s, Korea's traditional beliefs were respected by Japan. After this, Japan tried to make Korea an appendage of them, and failed. They owned a lot of the horse land in Korea and treated Korea much like the British treated India. They did however invest heavily. |
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Term
| Japan's Cultural Policy Towards Korea |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| People who wanted an arms struggle in Korea who were newly educated after the national university movement of 1922-1925 and the emergence of a call for liberation among an increasingly nationalist Korea. |
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Term
| Manchurian Incident (1931) |
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Definition
| Japanese staged an attack on their railroad lines and blamed it on Chinese dissidents. They used this as grounds for an invasion of Manchuria. It is largely responsible for kicking off World War II in the area. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Japanese general who was shot down when the United States broke the code the Japanese were using and were able to determine which plane the man was in. This same act of decoding tipped the US off about the battle of Midway. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stands up againt the Manchurian incident and war with the US, doubting Japan's ability to win in such a conflict. He's later assassinated for his bold comments. |
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Term
| Japan's faltering economy |
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Definition
| The Great Depression hits them hard as silk exports decrease by 1/3. This was a large portion of their economy and leads to mass starvation in the early to mid 1930s. |
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Term
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Definition
| They fight against China, the US, and Russia. They are able to move Mao's forces inland in China, but don't fare nearly as well with the US or Russia, getting trounced by the latter and eventually falling to the former. These two countries didn't get involved until 1941 and 1942 however. |
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Term
| Reasons for Japan's losses in WWII |
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Definition
| Fighting on multiple fronts, disadvantages in terms of industrialization and population in comparison with American and Russia respectively. The breaking of their codes by America was also fundamental to their defeat. They were out-strategized, out-militarized (by the end), and out-industrialized. |
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Term
| Death, Destruction, Displacement |
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Definition
| 3 million Japanese, 10 million Chinese, 11% of Koreans displaced. Bombings continued into the mid 40s, nuclear bombs were dropped on Japan. |
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Term
| U.S. Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) |
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Definition
| General Douglas MacArthur and SCAP are in charge. The US de-militarizes Japan successfully. Their army collapses very suddenly, and they draft a new constitution in 1952. The most controversial part of this is the clause that states Japan is not allowed to use military offensive capabilities (article 9). This also establishes Japan as a satellite nation for America's strategic nuclear arms positioning. |
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Term
| U.S. Occupation of South Korea (1945-1948) |
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Definition
| General John Hodge is in charge. He does away with the people's committees that are established and set up an election, where the south choose Syngman Rhee as their President in 1948. |
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Term
| Soviet Occupation of North Korea |
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Definition
| Soviets allow people's committees, approve of the appointment of Kim Il Sung as Premier of the DPRK. They take a pretty hands off approach, but provide advice and weaponry. |
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Term
| Korea's attempts at unification |
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Definition
| These were mainly done by force, and under the influence of America and Soviet Russia, the South and North were guided by developing enemies. They were doomed to separation and to this day have been unable to reconcile their differences and land disputes. |
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Term
| China's Civil War (1946-1949) |
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Definition
| GMD (American backed forces) led by Jiang Jieshi ultimately falls to Mao and the CCP with the PLA under various generals. Mao declares the PRC on October 1st, 1949. |
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Term
| Policy of Non-interference |
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Definition
| Due to the small amount of Westerners in China at the time, there was little incentive for western powers to interfere in China, and so Mao had no more challengers after defeating the GMD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Land reform, ridding of the opium and prostitution, establishment of big agricultural reforms, and 1950 divorce law allowing women to divorce. The land reforms and destruction of class distinction garnered Mao a lot of support for from the lower and peasant classes as they received great favor from the redistributive nature of the land reforms he enacted. |
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Term
| Kim Il Sung's gamble/Korean War () |
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Definition
| He assumed the US would not re-invade Korea after so soon leaving the area in 1948. Unfortunately, this was not a safe assumption, and the US dominates the UN, deciding to aid South Korea. MacArthur overreached by pushing too far at one point in the war, and the north and south have been divided ever since |
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Term
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Definition
| "Resist America, Aid Korea" was Mao's official position on the Korean War. Over 500,000 Chinese soldiers died in the war, when coming to the aid of the Korean People's Army. He uses the war to garner support for communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| They were seen as an ally and experienced an economic recovery during the time period. This propagated them as a stable example of democracy ever since. |
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Term
| Decolonization and the "Third World Movement" |
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Definition
| Imperialism declines after WWII. Signing of the 1960 treaty solidifies Japan as an ally. |
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Term
| Vietnam War and East Asia |
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Definition
| Not a UN declared war, sharply criticized from just about every angle possible. Argument was to prevent the spread of communism. Seen as a chink in America's armor, shows weakness due to their failure of defeating such a small nation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taiwan saw themselves as the real China, China saw Taiwan as part of China. Taiwan claimed their independence in the 1990s, China still treats Taiwan as part of their country. US came perilously close to getting involved in 1995. China failed to re-take it Taiwan in the 1950s. |
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Term
| Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) |
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Definition
| China's reforms in an attempt to catch up with western nations. Their focus was on ramping up industrialization. They organized people into work units, have the 100 flowers movement, (asks intellectuals to write about China). |
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Term
| Growing tension between Russia and China |
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Definition
| Russia goes through a period of detente and tolerance of capitlaism, which Mao vehemently disagrees with. This leads to the weakening of their relationship. |
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Term
| Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) |
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Definition
| Movement dedicated to entrenching socialism into Chinese culture, encouraging the challenging of capitalist ideals and perceived illegitimate forms of authority. |
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