Term
Capitalist zaibatsu
"blood suckers" |
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Definition
| The armed forces transformed Japan into a militaristic state by forcing the Diet to curtail freedom of speech and approve its war budgets. Anger at capitalist zaibatsu for sucking the farmers’ blood and at corrupt politicians who put their interests ahead of the nation erupted in abortive coups d’état that exposed factions within the military. |
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Term
"Asia for the Asiatics"
kokutai revisited |
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Definition
| Mass organizations drew the farmers’ support to the military; farmers also participated in self-improvement drives sponsored by bureaucrats and civilian reformers. Only a few intellectuals dared criticize imperialist policies. For the majority of citizens, being Japanese meant taking pride in the slogan “Asia for the Asiatics,” which obfuscated Japan’s colonizing project. |
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Term
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Definition
| being Japanese meant taking pride in the slogan “Asia for the Asiatics,” which obfuscated Japan’s colonizing project. In this case the meaning of obfuscate is to confuse |
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Term
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Definition
| Japan planned to liberate Asia, and “the Sun Flag of the Land of the Rising Sun will light the darkness of the entire world.” Officers modeled their plans for revolution on the Meiji Restoration. Like men of high purpose (shishi), they had to act to remove evil advisers who prevented the emperor from making his will known to the people. They credited violence with purifying the state and mistrusted old men who might tarnish their youthful idealism. |
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Term
General Araki Sadao's
"Imperial Way"
(suppressed) |
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Definition
| General Araki Sadao, promoted spiritual training to inculcate devotion to the emperor and martial virtues of loyalty and self-sacrifice. The Japanese spirit (Yamatodamashii) sufficed to overcome mere material obstacles. Araki’s Imperial Way faction opposed the Control faction’s arguments that battles could be won only by rational planning using advanced military technology and sophisticated weaponry. |
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Term
Three key relationships cememted by women
(individual with community, community with army, army with emperor) |
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Definition
| The army founded the Imperial Military Reserve Association in 1910, the Greater Japan Youth Association in 1915, and the Greater Japan National Defense Women’s Association in 1932. The women’s association sank roots in urban as well as rural areas. These associations identified individual with community, community with army, and army with emperor. |
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Term
| Factions and outside treats (unequal to kamikaze) |
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Definition
| Civilian commitment to the war varied. Businessmen supported military goals so long as they did not threaten survival of their firms. Under pressure to conform, citizens greeted news of the first victories with exultation. Dwindling food supplies, higher taxes, and a black market led to forbearance and despair. Malnutrition increased the incidence of tuberculosis (160,000 deaths in 1942), rickets, and eye disease. First children and then adults fled cities for the countryside. When the flower of Japan’s youth was summoned to make the supreme sacrifice in the Special Attack Forces (kamikaze), many did so gladly; others did not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Even the army general staff challenged his authority. Civilian bureaucrats, especially in the Justice Ministry, maintained their constitutional autonomy. Only the Showa emperor received complete information on military policy and operations, including plans for surprise attacks on American, Dutch, and British bases in 1941. In fear of jeopardizing the throne, he sanctioned military decisions as his ancestors had done for centuries. |
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Term
| Major Industrial Control Law |
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Definition
| Government planning of the economy began in 1931 when the Diet passed the Major Industries Control Law. It promoted cartels and required industries to tell the government their plans. |
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Term
General Douglas MacArthur
(8/30/45) |
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Definition
| Occupation by a military dictatorship under General Douglas MacArthur began on August 30, 1945. At first the occupiers considered punishing Japan, perhaps by returning it to an agrarian economy. After the beginning of the Cold War with the Soviet Union and the 1949 communist takeover of China, the emphasis shifted to keeping Japan in the free world. |
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Term
Attitudes toward POWs and Victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Definition
Seventy thousand Japanese in the Philippines had to wait until the end of 1946 before seeing Japan; British and Dutch did not return their prisoners of war until 1947. On Pacific islands, Japanese soldiers resorted to cannibalism or starved. The last soldiers came home in the 1970s.
Repatriated soldiers and civilians met a cold welcome in war-devastated Japan. War widows, homeless orphans, and maimed veterans became social rejects. Most shunned were victims from Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were subject to radiation sickness that turned them into pariahs. |
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Term
| Supreme Command of the Allied Powers (SCAP) |
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Definition
| As Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers ( SCAP — also shorthand for the occupation bureaucracy), MacArthur intended to demilitarize Japan and work through existing institutions to install democracy. The United States kept the Allies out of Japan by putting them on the Far East Commission (FEC) that oversaw SCAP policy, which met in Washington, D. C. The United States bought off the Soviet Union by handing over islands north of Hokkaido. |
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Term
| Social Engineering Reforms |
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Definition
| Another consisted of economists and lawyers primed to practice social engineering. By instituting land reform, revising education, promoting labor unions, emancipating women, limiting police powers, and rewriting the constitution, they planned to make Japan fit to rejoin the community of nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| SCAP intervened repeatedly in Diet deliberations to limit discussion and prevent substantial revision. The new constitution replaced the Meiji constitution, to which it was offered as an amendment, when the Upper House approved it in October. The emperor promulgated it on November 3, 1946. The Privy Council was dissolved in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty. The Diet acquired the sole authority to make laws. Its vote of no confidence sufficed to dissolve the cabinet. Within the Diet, the Lower House of Representatives took precedence over the Upper House of Councilors, which became an elected body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Workers obtained the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, professors had the right of academic freedom, and women were guaranteed equal rights with men. Most controversial was Article 9: “The Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation. . . . Land, sea, and air forces will never be maintained.” This wording was later interpreted to mean that armed forces could be created for self-defense. |
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Term
| Joseph Dodge's economic plan |
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Definition
| Fearing the destabilizing effects of inflation, at the end of 1948, Washington dispatched a banker from Detroit named Joseph Dodge. At Dodge’s command, the government collected more in taxes than it paid out. It eliminated government subsidies to manufacturers. Public works, welfare, and education suffered cuts. Dodge curbed domestic consumption and promoted exports. He got the United States to agree to an exchange rate of 360 yen to the dollar. Deflation and economic contraction forced small businesses into bankruptcy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Korean War rescued Japan from the brink of depression and laid the foundation for future economic growth. The industrial sector gorged on procurement orders for vehicles, uniforms, sandbags, medicines, electrical goods, construction materials, liquor, paper, and food. Despite the prohibition on the manufacture of war materiel, Japanese companies made munitions. Their mechanics repaired tanks and aircraft. Businesses plowed profits into upgrading equipment and buying advanced technology from the United States through licensing agreements and purchase of patent rights. By the end of the Korean War, the increase in wages and economic growth had brought food consumption back to pre–World War II levels. Consumers were able to buy household amenities and still put money into savings accounts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Free to participate in politics, the Japanese Communist party (JCP) and the Japanese Socialist party (JSP) fostered trade unions. By the middle of 1948, unions enrolled over half of the nonagricultural work force, including white-collar workers, especially in the public sector. Other workers organized production control movements to take over businesses, factories, and mines that owners were accused of deliberately sabotaging in revenge for democratization. Like unionized workers, they wanted to get back to work and make a living wage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The JSP split over whether to support the U. S.-Japan peace treaty; it reunited in October 1955. The next month, the two conservative parties formed the Liberal Democratic party ( LDP). Except for brief interludes, it has continued to dominate the Diet and cabinet. During this period of one-party rule, heads of factions within the LDP selected the prime minister, who rewarded his supporters with powerful and lucrative ministerial appointments. The LDP promoted economic growth as the nation’s highest goal, less to enhance state power than to wean workers from socialism by offering them a better life. |
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Term
| Renewed struggle for the burakumin |
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Definition
| The constitution’s guarantee of social equality and the Civil Code’s emphasis on human dignity spurred burakumin to renew their struggle for equal rights. Founded in 1955, the Buraku Liberation League (BLL) allied itself with the JCP and JSP to publicize unfair treatment by individuals and institutions. It participated in demonstrations against renewal of the U. S.- Japan security treaty that gained it widespread support. Later protest marches focused nationwide attention on the burakumin’s plight. |
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Term
Domestic consumption and
high-speed economic growth |
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Definition
| Increases in domestic consumption stimulated high-speed economic growth. During the occupation, SCAP broadcast images of American prosperity in the comic strip Blondie and other media to promote American values. Department store exhibitions and magazine advertisements illustrated the material life of the conqueror. Once the quality of food had improved, people wanted fashionable clothes. Every household wanted labor saving devices such as washing machines, refrigerators, and vacuum cleaners. |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded in 1930 and suppressed during the war, Soka Gakkai (value-creating society) was Japan’s largest new religion in the 1960s. Its political arm, the Clean Government Party, founded in 1964, became Japan’s third largest political party. Today its leaders serve as town councilors and school board officers. It owns land, businesses, and shops. It provides a sense of family and community and aids in finding marriage partners, jobs, loans, and higher education. Soka Gakkai teaches that the purpose of life is the pursuit of happiness; the three virtues of beauty, gain, and goodness bring happiness; following the teachings of Nichiren and having faith in the Lotus Sutra bring virtue. Constitutional guaran-tees of religious freedom and the population shift from country to town led to an explosion in the numbers of new religions and their membership. |
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Term
| What were the short-term and long-term consequences of WWII on Japan's economy and society? |
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Definition
The first postwar generation of workers went into factories on graduation from high school, received on- the job training, and worked long hours for the sake of their companies. Enterprise unions held demonstrations during the yearly spring offensive but interfered as little as possible in production. Management upped basic wages, promised lifetime employment, and distributed raises based on seniority. Workers began to live middle class lives. Heavy industries developed in wartime, and new companies that fashioned products for domestic consumption and export saw the greatest expansion. Steel producers, shipbuilders, manufacturers of synthetic fibers, and electronics and household appliance makers invested in technologies imported from the United States and in labor saving mass production facilities. The government provided low-cost financing that made Japan the largest shipbuilder in the world in the 1950s. Increases in domestic consumption stimulated high-speed economic growth. During the occupation, SCAP broadcast images of American prosperity in the comic strip Blondie and other media to promote American values.
The consumption of mass culture stimulated growth in entertainment industries, publishing, and film. Commercial television stations demanded an endless supply of programming. The government-owned NHK had two channels, one devoted to news analysis, dramas, and sumo wrestling, the other specializing in education. Magazine and book publishers continued prewar trends without fear of censorship that had kept them from sensitive political topics. They spoke to the will to survive that had carried women through the hardships of war and occupation. Public intellectuals and writers such as Maruyama Masao and Mishima Yukio questioned the ingredients of Japan’s national identity. |
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Term
| What lasting impact did the American occupation have on Japan? |
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Definition
| During the occupation, SCAP broadcast images of American prosperity in the comic strip Blondie and other media to promote American values. Department store exhibitions and magazine advertisements illustrated the material life of the conqueror. Once the quality of food had improved, people wanted fashionable clothes. Every household wanted labor saving devices such as washing machines, refrigerators, and vacuum cleaners. Television broadcasts began in 1953 because the owner of the Yomiuri news-paper and key bureaucrats believed that national pride required Japan to have the latest technology. The wedding of Crown Prince Akihito to the industrialist’s daughter Shoda Michiko in 1959 swept televisions from retailers’ shelves as viewers reveled in the democratic dream of a love marriage. |
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Term
| How was Japan able to recover economically and psychologically? |
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Definition
| The war destroyed lives, infrastructure, and, for a time, belief in the Japanese spirit. Japan recovered thanks to the changing international climate of the late 1940s and early 1950s, reforms initiated by the U. S. occupation, protection provided by security agreement with the United States, and U. S. recognition that democracy required economic stability. It must not be forgotten that recovery also built on the bureaucratic, educational, and industrial foundation laid before the war. By 1964 Japan’s GDP had surpassed its prewar peak, and purchases by Japanese consumers of the latest electronic technology spurred product development in key export industries. |
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Term
New values promulgated by the Chinese Communist Party
(struggle, revolution, change) |
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Definition
| From 1950 on, the Communist party, under the leadership of Mao Zedong (to use the phrase of the time), set about fashioning the New China, one that would empower peasants and workers and limit the influence of landlords, capitalists, intellectuals, and foreigners. New values were heralded: people were taught that struggle, revolution, and change are good; compromise, deference, and tradition are weaknesses. People throughout the country were filled with hope that great things could be achieved. |
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Term
| People's Democratic Dictatorship |
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Definition
| Rather than a dictatorship of the proletariat, as the Soviet Union called itself, China was to be a “people’s democratic dictatorship,” with “the people” including workers, both poor and rich peasants, and the national bourgeoisie, but excluding landlords and certain classes of capitalists. The people so defined were represented by a hierarchy of irregularly scheduled People’s Representative Congresses. |
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Term
| People's Liberation Army and Military Affiars Commission |
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Definition
| Real power, however, lay with the Communist party. The People’s Liberation Army ( PLA) was not subordinated to the government but rather to the party through its Military Affairs Commission. By the end of the 1950s, there were more than 1 million branch party committees in villages, factories, schools, army units, and other organizations. |
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Term
Party committies
(akin to cell structures) |
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Definition
| By the end of the 1950s, there were more than One million branch party committees in villages, factories, schools, army units, and other organizations. Each committee sent delegates to higher units, including county and province committees, leading up to the three top tiers: the Central Committee with a few dozen members, the Politburo with around a dozen members, and its Standing Committee |
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Term
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Definition
| its Standing Committee, which in 1949 consisted of Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Chen Yun and later was expanded to include Deng Xiaoping. Mao Zedong was recognized as the paramount leader and was treated almost as though he was an emperor. Liu Shaoqi-mediator; Zhou Enlai- for foreginers; Zhu De-marshall in the military; Chen Yun- Economic powerhouse; Deng xiaoping- led China to the four modernization after Mao |
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Term
| First Five Year Plan benefits and limitations |
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Definition
| According to the First Five Year Plan put into effect for the years 1953 to 1957, output of steel was to be quadrupled, power and cement doubled. Consumer goods, however, were to be increased by much smaller increments— cotton piece goods by less than half, grain by less than a fifth. But China could not create everything from scratch. Ways had to be found to maintain the infrastructure of modern urban life, the factories, railroads, univer-sities, newspapers, law courts, and tax- collecting stations, even as the party took them over. |
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Term
| Mao Zedong Thought(practice over theory) |
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Definition
| Achieving these goals required adherence to correct ideology, identified as “Mao Zedong Thought.” Since Mao’s ideas changed over time and put emphasis on practice over theory, even those who had studied Mao’s writings could never be totally sure they knew how he would view a particular issue. As long as Mao lived, he was the interpreter of his own ideas, the one to rule on what deviated from ideological correctness. |
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Term
Changes in the Chinese family system
(multiple factors) |
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Definition
| During the first five years of the new law, several million marriages were dissolved, most at the request of the wives. This campaign should not, of course, get full credit for changes in the Chinese family system, as many other forces contributed to undermining patriarchal authority, such as the drastic shrinkage of family property as a result of collectivization of land and appropriation of business assets, the entry of more children into schools and mass organizations like the Youth League, the mobilization of large numbers of women into the work force, and the public appearance of more women in positions of authority, ranging from street committees to university faculties and the upper echelons of the party. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Communist party developed an effective means of social and ideological control through the danwei (work unit). Most people’s danwei was their place of work; for students it was their school; for the retired or unemployed, their neighborhood. Each danwei assigned housing, supplied ration coupons (for grain, other foodstuffs, cloth, and anything else in short supply), managed birth control programs, and organized mass campaigns. Individuals even needed their danwei’s permission to get married or divorced. |
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Term
| Crossing the Yalu River and beating the imperialists |
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Definition
| In October U. S. forces, fighting under the United Nations flag in support of the South, crossed the 38th parallel and headed toward the Yalu River, the border between North Korea and China. Later that month, Chinese “ volunteers,” under the command of Peng Dehuai, began to cross the Yalu secretly, using no lights or radios. In late November they surprised the Americans and soon forced them to retreat south of Seoul. This war gave the Communist party legitimacy in China: China had “ stood up” and beaten back the imperialists. But the costs were huge. Not only did China suffer an estimated 360,000 casualties, but the war eliminated many chances for gradual reconciliation, internal and external. |
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Term
| Redistribustion of Land and beating the Landlords |
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Definition
| The first step was to redistribute land. Typically, the party would send a small team of cadres and students to a village to cultivate relations with the poor, organize a peasant association, identify potential leaders from among the poorest peasants, compile lists of grievances, and organize struggles against those most resented. Eventually the team would supervise the classification of the inhabitants as landlords, rich peasants, middle peasants, poor peasants, and hired hands. The analysis of class was supposed to be scientific, but moral judgments tended to intrude. These uncertainties allowed land reform activists to help friends and get back at enemies. In some villages, there was not much surplus to redistribute. In others, violence flared, especially when villagers tried to get those labeled landlords or rich peasants to reveal where they had buried their gold. Landlords and rich peasants faced not only loss of their land but also punishment for past offenses; a not insignificant number were executed. Another result of the class struggle stage of land reform was the creation of a caste-like system in the countryside. The descendants of those labeled landlords were excluded from leadership positions, while the descendants of former poor and lower-middle peasants gained preference. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic health care was brought to the countryside via clinics and “barefoot doctors,” peasants with only a few months of training who could at least give vaccinations and provide antibiotics and other medicines. Collectives took on responsibility for the welfare of widows and orphans who had no one to care for them. |
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Term
| Policy of Multinationality(and sinification)as a recruitment tool |
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Definition
| The policy of multinationality was copied from that of the Soviet Union, which had devised it as the best way to justify retaining all the lands acquired by the czar in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For China the model similarly provided a way to justify reasserting dominion over Tibet and Xinjiang, both acquired by the Qing but independent after 1911. (Mongolia had fallen away as well, but under the domination of the Soviet Union it had established a communist government in the 1920s, so China did not challenge its independence.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tibet was a special case. It had not come under rule of any sort from Beijing until the eighteenth century, and the Manchu rulers had interfered relatively little with the power of the Lamaist Buddhist monasteries. From the 1890s on, Tibet fell more under the sway of the British, but Britain left India in 1947, ending its interest in Tibet. In 1950, when Lhasa would not agree to “peaceful liberation,” the PLA invaded. On the recommendation of India, the United Nations would not listen to Tibetan appeals. Tibet had no choice but to negotiate an agreement with the Chinese Communist party. Tibet recognized China’s sovereignty and in exchange was allowed to maintain its traditional political system, including the Dalai Lama. From 1951 to 1959, this system worked fairly well. By 1959, however, ethnic Tibetans from neighboring provinces, unhappy with agricultural collectivization, were streaming into Tibet. |
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Term
"Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom,
a Hundred Schools of Thought Contend" |
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Definition
| In response to de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union, in 1956, Mao called on intellectuals to help him identify problems within the party, such as party members who had lost touch with the people or behaved like tyrants. “ Let a hundred flowers bloom” in the field of culture and a “ hundred schools of thought contend” in science. As long as criticism was not “ antagonistic” or “ counterrevolutionary,” it would help strengthen the party, he explained. The first to come forward with criticisms were scientists and engineers who wanted party members to interfere less with their work. To encourage more people to come forward, Mao praised those who spoke up. Soon critics lost their inhibitions. |
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Term
The Great Leap Forward
(utopian ethusiasm) |
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Definition
| In 1956, Mao began talking of a Great Leap Forward. Through the coordinated hard work of hundreds of millions of people, China would transform itself from a poor nation into a mighty one. With the latent creative capacity of the Chinese masses unleashed, China would surpass Great Britain in industrial output within fifteen years. These visions of accelerated industrialization were coupled with a higher level of collectivization in the countryside. Both party cadres and ordinary working people got caught up in a wave of utopian enthusiasm. During the late summer and fall of 1958, communes, factories, schools, and other units set up “backyard steel furnaces” in order to double steel production. As workers were mobilized to put in long hours on these projects, they had little time to cook or eat at home. Units were encouraged to set up mess halls where food was free, a measure commentators hailed as a step toward communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rationing was practiced almost everywhere, and soup kitchens serving weak gruel were set up in an attempt to stave off starvation. But peasants in places where grain was exhausted were not allowed to hit the roads, as people had always done during famines in the past. From later census reconstructions, it appears that during the Three Hard Years (1959–1962) there were on the order of 30 million “excess” deaths attributable to the dearth of food. Yet neither Mao nor the Communist party fell from power. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quality of most of the steel made in backyard furnaces was too poor to be used. Instead it filled railroad cars and clogged train yards all over the country, disrupting transportation. In 1958 and 1959, Khrushchev visited Beijing and concluded that Mao was a romantic deviationist, particularly wrongheaded in his decision to create communes. All the assistance the Soviet Union had given to China’s industrialization seemed to have been wasted as Mao put his trust in backyard furnaces. |
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Term
| China's nuclear weapon program |
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Definition
| When Mao made light of nuclear weapons— saying that if using them could destroy capitalism, it would not matter that much if China lost half its population— Khrushchev went back on his earlier promise to give China nuclear weapons. As the war in Vietnam escalated after 1963, China stayed on the sidelines, not even helping the Soviet Union supply North Vietnam. Meanwhile, China developed its own atomic weapons program, exploding its first nuclear device in 1964. |
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Term
The Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) |
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Definition
| The Cultural Revolution began in the spring of 1966 with a denunciation of the mayor of Beijing for allowing the staging of a play that could be construed as critical of Mao. Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, formed a Cultural Revolution Small Group to look into ways to revolutionize culture. Young people who had grown up in New China responded enthusiastically to calls to help Mao oust revisionists. By the end of 1966 workers were also being mobilized to participate in the Cultural Revolution. Rebel students went to factories to “ learn from the workers” but actually to instigate opposition to party superiors. When party leaders tried to appease discontented workers by raising wages and handing out bonuses, Mao labeled their actions “ economism” and instructed students and workers to seize power from such revisionist party leaders. Confusing power struggles ensued. In the first, violent phase of the Cultural Revolution, some 3 million party and government officials were removed from their jobs, and as many as half a million people were killed or committed suicide. By the summer of 1968, Mao had no choice but to moderate the Cultural Revolution in order to prevent full-scale civil war. In July he disbanded the Red Guards and sent them off to work in the countryside. Revolutionary committees were set up to take the place of the old party structure. The Cultural Revolution’s massive assault on entrenched ideas and the established order left many victims. Nearly 3 million people were officially rehabilitated after 1978. Urban young people who had been exhilarated when Mao called on them to top-ple those in power soon found themselves at the bot-tom of the heap, sent down to the countryside where hostile peasants could make life miserable. Their younger siblings received inferior educations, out of school for long periods, then taught a watered-down curriculum. The cadres, teachers, and intellectuals who were the principal targets of the Cultural Revolution lost much of their trust in others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, formed a Cultural Revolution Small Group to look into ways to revolutionize culture. Jiang Qing had not played much of a part in politics before and was widely seen as a stand-in for Mao. |
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Term
Red Guards and the "Four Olds"
(customs, habits, cultures, and thinking) |
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Definition
| In cities large and small, Red Guards roamed the streets in their battle against things foreign or old. They invaded the homes of those with bad class back-grounds, “bourgeois tendencies,” or connections to foreigners. Under the slogan of “destroy the four old things” (old customs, habits, culture, and thinking), they ransacked homes, libraries, and museums to find books and artwork to set on fire. The tensions and antagonisms that had been suppressed by nearly two decades of tight social control broke into the open as Red Guards found opportunities to get back at people. At the countless denunciation meetings they organized, cadres, teachers, and writers were forced to stand with their heads down and their arms raised behind them in the “airplane” position and to listen to former friends and colleagues jeer at and curse them. |
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Term
| "Better to be Red that expert" |
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Definition
| Revolutionary works were offered in their place, such as the eight model revolutionary operas Jiang Qing had sponsored. The official line was that it was better to be red than expert, and professionals were hounded out of many fields. High school graduates were sent into the countryside, as the Red Guards had been before them, some 17 million altogether. Although the stated reason for sending them to the countryside was to let them learn from the peasants and give the peasants the advantage of their education, this transfer also saved the government the trouble and expense of putting the graduates on the payroll of urban enterprises or finding them housing when they married. |
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Term
| Lin Biao and the decline of the military |
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Definition
| The dominance of the military declined after the downfall in 1971 of Lin Biao. To the public, Lin Biao was Mao’s most devoted disciple, regularly photographed standing next to him. Yet according to the official account, Lin became afraid that Mao had turned against him and decided to assassinate him. |
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Term
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Definition
| The leading contenders for power were the more radical faction led by Jiang Qing and the more moderate faction led by Zhou Enlai. In this rather fluid situation China softened its antagonistic stance toward the outside world and in 1972 welcomed U. S. president Richard Nixon to visit and pursue improving relations. In 1973 many disgraced leaders, including Deng Xiaoping, were reinstated to important posts. |
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Term
1976
(Zhou, and earthquake, and Mao) |
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Definition
| In 1976 those who still believed in portents from heaven would have sensed that heaven was sending warnings. First, Zhou Enlai died in January after a long struggle with cancer. Next, an outpouring of grief for him in April was violently suppressed. Then in July, north China was rocked by a huge earthquake that killed hundreds of thousands. In September Mao Zedong died. |
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Term
| Radicals versus Pragmatist |
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Definition
| The main struggle, it seems with hindsight, was be-tween the radicals— Jiang Qing and her allies, later labeled the Gang of Four— and the pragmatists— Deng Xiaoping and his allies. In March 1976 a newspaper controlled by the radicals implied that Zhou Enlai was a capitalist roader. In response, on April 4, the traditional day for honoring the dead, an estimated 2 million people flocked to Tiananmen Square to lay wreaths in honor of Zhou. The radi-cals saw this as an act of opposition to themselves, had it labeled a counterrevolutionary incident, and called the militia out. Yet the pragmatists won out in the end. After a month of national mourning for Mao, Jiang Qing and the rest of the Gang of Four were arrested. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some Chinese intellectuals, however, worry that making Mao a monster relieves everyone else of responsibility and undermines the argument that structural changes are needed to prevent comparable tragedies from recurring. |
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Term
Assessment of the GPCR
(not dominated, improved education, healthcare, employment, regiment, controlled, distrust) |
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Definition
| Although the Cultural Revolution had brought enormous strain and confusion, China was by many measures better off. It was not dominated by any other countries and held itself up as a model to developing nations. The proportion of the population in school more than doubled between 1950 and 1978. Life expectancy reached sixty-seven years for men and sixty-nine years for women, due in large part to better survival of infants and more accessible health care. Unemployment was no longer a problem, and housing was provided for all. Inflation had been banished. But life was also much more regimented and controlled. There was no longer anything resembling a free press and not many choices people could make about where they would live or what work they would do. Peasants could not leave their villages. Graduates of high schools or universities were given little choice in job assignments. From the experience of repeated campaigns to uncover counterrevolutionaries, people had learned to distrust each other, never sure who might turn on them. Material security, in other words, had been secured at a high cost. |
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Term
| Was Mao primarily resonsible for the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revoltion? |
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Definition
| Assessment of Mao’s role in modern Chinese history is ongoing. In 1981, when the party rendered its judgment of Mao, it still gave him high marks for his military leadership and his intellectual contributions to Marxist theory, but assigned him much of the blame for everything that went wrong from 1956 on. Since then, Mao’s standing has further eroded as doubts are raised about the impact of his leadership style in the 1940s and early 1950s. Some critics go so far as to portray Mao as a megalomaniac, so absorbed in his project of remaking China to match his vision that he was totally indifferent to others’ suffering. Some Chinese intellectuals, however, worry that making Mao a monster relieves everyone else of responsibility and undermines the argument that structural changes are needed to prevent comparable tragedies from recurring. |
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Term
| How did the Communist Party organize at all levels, neutralize the competition, and address the needs of ordinary people? |
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Definition
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Term
| DMZ and the 38th parallel |
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Definition
| North and South formed separate states in 1948— the North under the auspices of the Soviet Union and the South under the United States— and fought the bloody Korean War between 1950 and 1953. Divided at the demilitarized zone ( DMZ) close to the 38th paral-lel, the two states began a race for superiority in military and economic strength with policies and politics, social change, and culture reflecting their relationships with the dominant powers and indigenous preferences. Each developed in distinctive ways, the North under a cult to the leader that supports a family dynasty, the South moving from dictatorship to democracy with a pluralistic society and a popular culture that has attracted fans across East Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| After Japan had surrendered, the United States rushed troops to Korea and won Soviet acquiescence to dividing the peninsula at the 38th parallel. Both Russians and Americans were greeted by the spontaneous organization of people’s committees (PCs) at the local level that spanned the political spectrum. The Soviets used the PCs as a basis for reconstructing civilian rule, but General Hodge, who established a U. S. military government for South Korea, did not. In North Korea, Kim Il Sung became chairman of the Provisional People’s Committee (PPC) and eclipsed Pak Honyong. In 1946 the PPC carried out land reform to eliminate the landlord class and redistribute land to sharecroppers. Kim nationalized all industries with little opposition because Japanese factory owners had left the country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communists jailed by Japan were released, and one of them, Pak Honyong, formed the Korean Communist party (KCP) in Seoul, expecting that the city would be the capital of a united Korea. In North Korea, several communist groups greeted Soviet commanders: the domestic Communists, the Yan’an Communists who had fought with Mao Zedong in the Chinese civil war, Koreans holding Soviet citizenship, and the Manchurian guerrilla fighters who had fought alongside Kim Il Sung. Pak Honyong and other communists fled to North Korea, while landlords, businessmen, and Christians from the North moved to the South. In North Korea, Kim Il Sung became chairman of the Provisional People’s Committee (PPC) and eclipsed Pak Honyong. |
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Term
| Cho Mansik, the nationalist rogue |
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Definition
| the Soviets recruited the socialist Cho Mansik as an interim leader in the North and the Americans bringing Syngman Rhee back from the United States to rule the South. The Soviets established a northern branch bureau of the KCP and introduced Kim at a large public meeting in Pyongyang, where he praised Stalin and supported Cho Mansik. With Soviet support, Kim replaced Cho in January 1946 because Cho had opposed Stalin’s agreement with the United States to set up a trusteeship for Korea at the Moscow Conference in December. |
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Term
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Definition
| In North Korea, Kim Il Sung became chairman of the Provisional People’s Committee (PPC) and eclipsed Pak Honyong. In 1946 the PPC carried out land reform to eliminate the landlord class and redistribute land to sharecroppers. Kim nationalized all industries with little opposition because Japanese factory owners had left the country. He reduced working hours to eight hours per day, banned child labor, created a labor federation, declared equal rights for women, established universal education through the eleventh grade, and founded Kim Il Sung University. He made his guerrilla allies from Manchuria his chief aides and created the Korean People’s Army (KPA). |
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Term
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Definition
| In South Korea, local rivalries, distrust of the central administration, and resentment of outsiders fueled civil conflict. In April 1948, the people of Cheju Island rebelled against a repressive right-wing governor and his Northwest Youth gangs who had infiltrated the police. Two regiments of the Korean army assigned to fight the guerrillas on Cheju rebelled at Yosu on the southern coast and murdered hundreds of police and landlords. U. S. forces helped suppress both rebellions. |
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Term
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Definition
| As the Cold War intensified between the United States and the Soviet Union, political divisions hardened. The United States supported Syngman Rhee’s plan to hold elections across the peninsula in 1948, but the Soviets refused to allow elections in the North because its population was only half that of the South. A constitution modeled on the U. S. Constitution was adopted. A National Assembly was elected, and it chose Syngman Rhee as its first president. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forty-five thousand people died on Cheju, forty thousand fled to Japan, and seventy thousand were placed in concentration camps. Fed by tenant anger at high rents, guerrilla war spread throughout the South. The Rhee regime’s suppression campaign during the winter of 1949-1950 killed around six thousand people. |
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Term
| MacArthur's Amphibious Attack |
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Definition
| Truman’s determination to roll back communism led to China’s intervention. The initial contingent of U. S. forces with remnants of the ROK Army was barely able to defend the Pusan perimeter until General MacArthur turned the tide of battle by launching an amphibious attack at Inch’on, near Seoul, on September 15. Kim was forced to withdraw his main forces north across the 38th parallel. Truman authorized MacArthur to follow him into North Korea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Truman signed a policy document early in 1950, NSC 48, that committed the United States to the containment of communism within its present boundaries in Asia and “where feasible” to reduce communist power in Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| On September 10, 1948, North Korea established the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) with Kim Il Sung as chairman of the National People’s Assembly. The Soviet Union withdrew its forces from Korea in December, and the United States withdrew most of its forces in 1949. |
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Term
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Definition
| The United States supported Syngman Rhee’s plan to hold elections across the peninsula in 1948, but the Soviets refused to allow elections in the North because its population was only half that of the South. Following a separate election in the South on May 10, 1948, the Republic of Korea (ROK) was proclaimed on August 15. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mao sent perhaps as many as eighty thousand experienced Korean troops who had fought in the Chinese civil war to North Korea. On June 25, 1950, Kim launched his invasion with seven divisions and 258 Soviet tanks against the four front-line divisions of the ROK Army, which had no tanks. North Korean forces overran the South Korean military and pushed south all the way to Pusan. The United States played a major role in the war that followed. The U.S. viewed this invasion as an attempt to spread communism. |
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Term
| Thousand League Horse Campaign |
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Definition
| Blessed with more extensive mineral reserves, North Korea enjoyed higher growth in industrial production than did the South through the mid-1960s. After that, aid from the Soviet Union and China declined; also, the five and six-year plans could not solve problems of bottlenecks in the production process, insufficient technological development, and excessive investment in weapons. Kim Il Sung’s solution was to use a moral appeal to workers for greater sacrifice and to undertake mass mobilization efforts such as the Thousand-League Horse campaign of 1958. It was similar to the Great Leap Forward campaign in China, but was not designed to supplement factories with backyard steel furnaces, nor did it result in massive starvation. Instead workers were required to work extra hours, and students were taken out of classrooms to work. |
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Term
| Secret tunnels to the South |
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Definition
| Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Kim Il Sung tried to stay on good terms with both of his giant communist neighbors. He even signed a joint pledge for peaceful reunifica-tion with the president of South Korea. This détente did not last long. After 1973, Kim Il Sung constructed secret tunnels across the DMZ large enough to accommodate an invasion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between 1964 and 1986, North Korea built several gas-graphite nuclear reactors in the Soviet style at Yongbyon north of Pyongyang, for research and electrical generation. All produced the by-product plutonium, which could be used to manufacture hydrogen bombs. In 1985, the Soviet Union induced Kim Il Sung to sign the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which required inspections by the UN International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to prevent military use of fissile material. The IAEA never followed through on the inspections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sent by President Bill Clinton, former president Jimmy Carter went to Pyongyang and reached an agreement with Kim to freeze the processing of nuclear waste to extract plutonium at Yongbyon in return for light-water reactors. Kim also told Carter he was willing to carry out the North-South denuclearization agreement, pull back forces from the DMZ, match South Korea in reducing troops by 1 million men, and accept the presence of U. S. troops in Korea. Under this agreement, South Korea and Japan assumed the cost for the light-water reactors, and the United States was to provide 500,000 tons of heavy oil annually to replace energy lost from the inactive reactors. |
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Term
| Ballistic missiles to the enemy; building atomic bombs; testing plutonium |
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Definition
| After Kim Il Sung’s death in 1994, Kim Jong Il took cautious steps to open the economy. He also counterfeited the currency of other nations and exported ballistic missile technology to enemies of the United States. Between 1964 and 1986, North Korea built several gas-graphite nuclear reactors in the Soviet style at Yongbyon north of Pyongyang, for research and electrical generation. All produced the by-product plutonium, which could be used to manufacture hydrogen bombs. In 1985, the Soviet Union induced Kim Il Sung to sign the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which required inspections by the UN International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to prevent military use of fissile material. The IAEA never followed through on the inspections. When in 2002, U. S. intelligence discovered the North’s clandestine plan to build atomic weapons from enriched uranium (supplied by Pakistan), Bush declared that the North would have to abandon its nuclear weapons program before the United States offered any material aid. In 2006, North Korea tested a plutonium bomb. Under pressure from China, North Korea rejoined six-nation talks with China, Russia, the United States, South Korea, and Japan. |
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Term
| The tyranny of women's "rights" |
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Definition
| Kim locked all individuals into a variety of state-run mass organizations. Because of labor shortages, he encouraged women to work and had the state provide child-care facilities for working parents. He replaced the home with communal mess halls, gave women the right to divorce, and incorporated women into the military. Despite these measures, few women had the opportunity to take on political responsibilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kim also began to displace Marxism-Leninism with chuch’e (self-reliance) as the country’s leading ideology. A person who has chuch’e has imbibed the correct thought from which will naturally spring correct action in any and all situations: the making of music and steel, getting up in the morning and being a good citizen, being modern and Korean. Chuch’e is what makes North Korea proudly independent, self-contained, and the center of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| was a harsh dictator in S. Korea, was in power for twelve years. Became a Christian; tried to take the confucian civil service exams but failed several times. He was an anti-communist, military strongman; was well educated attended Prinston and Harvard graduating with a Ph.D.; repressive and corrupt; U.S. leaders imbraced him which was unusual because he was a military dictator. He embezzle money creating enough oppostion in S.Korea forcing him to escape to the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| took S.Korean development to the next level, this meaning the economy. The fact that he was able to develop an economic base which was stable is significant because of the turmoil Rhee caused. He addressed the needs of the poor and homeless, turned social structure upside down. Developed insitutions that worked against rebellions. He was pro state managed economic growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| was interesting because he tried to develop democratic system but it was found that his family was corrupt. He was imprisoned and retired to buddhist monastary. |
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Term
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Definition
| tried to get rid of military influence within S.Korea |
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Term
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Definition
| moved Korea into a democracy. Tried to establish relations with N.Korea and Soviet Union but failed |
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Term
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Definition
| allowed in foreign companies which strengthened the S.Korean economy |
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Term
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Definition
| conglomerate that is similar to the Japanese Zaibatsu. were economic conglomerate, made up of companies that had proven themselves to be the most effencient. In order to develop an economic system which focused on chaebol and focused on needs of workers. Building of insitutions provides credibitlity to those outside of Korea. |
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Term
| Destruction of the yangban system |
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Definition
| The Korean War did as much to dissolve the old status system as had Japan’s colonization projects. By dislocating the population, it tore people from their old relations of dependency and control. Although former yangban from the southwest still claimed social prestige, they lacked economic clout and political power. |
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Term
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Definition
| showed what the roles of women were, this was considered to be patriotic that women supported Korea's economic growth. |
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Term
| Development of Political Parties |
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Definition
| Regional power bases and shifting patron-client groups could not compete with new political parties. In 1997, the chairman of the Millennium Democratic party, Kim Dae Jung, won the presidential election with the help of the United Liberal Democratic party, the first opposition vic-tory in ROK history. Kim set up a Human Rights Commission to protect people from the oppression he and others of the dictators’ opponents had suffered, and he created a Ministry of Gender Equality. Kim also had to deal with the Asian financial crisis and backlash from his trip to Pyongyang. His reputation worsened when his son and many officials were prosecuted for taking bribes. Independents and defectors from the major parties formed a new liberal party, Our Open party. |
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Term
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Definition
| with the crash of the economy, were bailed out $50,000. IMF raised interested rates. Showed S.Korea becoming part of the international system. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1988, South Korea hosted the Summer Olympics in Seoul, and Roh invited communist states to send athletes. Kim Il Sung sought to ruin the games by having two agents blow up South Korean Flight 858 from the Middle East to Seoul. The explosion killed all on board but did not keep any nation out of the games. Instead of retaliating, Roh sent officials to Pyongyang in 1989 to persuade Kim Il Sung to allow Chung Ju Yong of Hyundai Corporation to open a tourist area in the Kumgang (Diamond) Mountain area just north of the DMZ. He also punished activists under the National Security Law for traveling to North Korea without his permission to discuss peaceful reunifica-tion. |
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Term
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Definition
| idea of raising employment and diverisity of employed; outsourcing jobs to places such as China and U.S.; equality for women and religious equality |
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Term
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Definition
| Another response to urban anonymity has been the spread of new religions. Christianity, Buddhism, and Ch’ondogyo continue to attract adherents, but many Koreans are attracted to more activist ministries. Korean medical missionaries work in war-torn areas across the world, including Ethiopia and Afghanistan. Reverend Sun Myung, founder of the Unification Church, has sought to bring happiness to thousands through his mass wedding ceremonies. |
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Term
| Was the Korean War an act of aggrestion by the North of the continuation of a civil conflict? |
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Definition
| The Korean War was an act of agresstion by the North. Neither North nor South Korea expected the division to be permanent. Both Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee began conducting cross-border raids in 1949, hoping to provoke the other into an all-out war. Despite the escalation in conflict, the United States prevented Rhee from invading the North lest he drag the United States into war with the Soviet Union. When Kim met with Stalin in Moscow in March to seek support for invasion of the South, Stalin refused to allow it. In 1950, Kim Il Sung gained reluctant acquiescence from his big-power supporters for an invasion of the South. Stalin promised to supply weapons, planes, and pilots only because he wanted to avoid a direct challenge to the United States. Mao sent perhaps as many as eighty thousand experienced Korean troops who had fought in the Chinese civil war to North Korea. On June 25, 1950, Kim launched his invasion with seven divisions and 258 Soviet tanks against the four frontline divisions of the ROK Army, which had no tanks. North Korean forces overran the South Korean military and pushed south all the way to Pusan. |
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Term
| What effect did the foreign intervention have on Korean affairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors enabled divergent political and economic systems? |
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Definition
| North and South formed separate states in 1948— the North under the auspices of the Soviet Union and the South under the United States— and fought the bloody Korean War between 1950 and 1953. Divided at the demilitarized zone (DMZ) close to the 38th parallel, the two states began a race for superiority in military and economic strength with policies and politics, social change, and culture reflecting their relationships with the dominant powers and indigenous preferences. Each developed in distinctive ways, the North under a cult to the leader that supports a family dynasty, the South moving from dictatorship to democracy with a pluralistic society and a popular culture that has attracted fans across East Asia. The Soviets used the PCs as a basis for reconstructing civilian rule, but General Hodge, who established a U. S. military government for South Korea, did not. Each side picked a leader who reflected its ideology, the Soviets recruiting the socialist Cho Mansik as an interim leader in the North and the Americans bringing Syngman Rhee back from the United States to rule the South. The U. S.- Soviet division of Korea between the communist North and the capitalist South soon reflected political and social differences between Koreans. As the Cold War intensified between the United States and the Soviet Union, political divisions hardened |
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Term
| 1969 Japanese Student Demonstrations |
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Definition
| students wanted control over curriculum, over their own destiny; were protesting for students arrested in confrontations and exclusions from riot police on campus. These demostrations were significant throughout Japan representing the intensity of youth and showing similarity to the U.S. protest demostrations during the vietnam war. Took place at all levels of society |
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Term
| Building of Narita Airport |
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Definition
| students movements were aignificant beacuse they effect other aspects of life. Farmers who were lossing their land to the building of this airport began to question why it was being built. This shows Japanese people learning how to interact with their government in a new way |
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Term
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Definition
| wanted Japanese to develop a military thought it was important Japan find its place in the world; formed a nationalist right wing movement. created a paramilitary organization and received permission to join Self Defense Force (SDF) military maneuvers. In 1970, he called on the soldiers at SDF headquarters to remember the sacrifices made in World War II and rally behind nationalist goals by over-throwing the government. When they laughed at him, he committed ritual suicide. |
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Term
| Citizen's Movements Against Industrial Pollution |
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Definition
| people come together to fight against pollution. Significance because people were fighting for individual way of life and beginning to not trust the government word as much. This movement mobilized hundreds of thousands of ordinarily apolitical residents to sign petitions, visit industrial sites, display posters, and launch education drives to rally support in stopping potential polluters from building in their neighborhood. They warned against trusting promises by industry and local government that a proposed factory would not pollute, and they rejected charges that fighting to protect the individ-ual’s quality of life is egotistical. |
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Term
| Kumamoto University Research on the 1959 Chisso Factory Dumping at Minamoto |
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Definition
| The factory produced acetaldehyde, a key ingredient in making plastics through a process that released methyl mercury as a by-product. Dumped into the water, mercury concentrated in marine life and then attacked brain cells in domestic animals and humans. Victims suffered progressive debilitation, often leading to a vegetative state and death. In 1959, a Kumamoto University research team traced the cause to the Chisso factory. The team lost its government funding. With support from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Chisso hired researchers who proved mercury was not at fault. Government refused to take responsiblity going as far to debunk Univerity studies the proved the mercury was at fault. |
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Term
| 1971 Lawsuit against Chisso and the Supreme Court Decision |
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Definition
| Victims launched petitions, demonstrations, and sit-ins. They attracted support from doctors, lawyers, filmmakers, journalists, and academics. In 1971, they sued Chisso. The verdict against the company in 1973 brought it to the verge of bankruptcy. The victims then sued the government. The Environmental Agency refused to comply with the court’s recommendation to settle. In 1995, the cabinet accepted an out-of-court settlement that denied government responsibility for either the disease or delay in acknowledging the problem. In 2004, the Supreme Court placed responsibility for having failed to prevent the disease on the central government and Kumamoto prefecture, but local officials still urge victims not to apply for compensation. |
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Term
| Government Spending on Anti-Pollution |
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Definition
| Diseases caused by pollution in Minamata and elsewhere exposed the costs of high-speed economic growth and the way politicians and bureaucrats insulated themselves from citizens. Despite free elections, pollution victims had to protest outside regular government channels. Owing to their demands, the government instituted stringent pollution controls in the 1970s and began spending a larger portion of the gross national product (GNP) on antipollution measures than any other developed nation. By 1978, air and water pollution had declined, and manufacturers had learned how to profit from measures to keep the environment clean. |
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Term
| Nixon Abolishing fixed Exchange Rates and Recongnizing the P.R.C. |
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Definition
| President Richard Nixon announced in 1971 that the United States would no longer accept fixed exchange rates that overvalued the dollar, the yen rose 14 percent. Nixon intended to make Japanese exports to the United States more expensive and less competitive. Japanese companies survived by taking advantage of lower costs for imported raw materials. The second shock came in 1972 when Nixon recognized the People’s Republic of China without notifying Japan in advance. Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei followed Nixon to China seven months later. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first oil shock came when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) embargoed oil to countries that had supported Israel in the 1973 war. Dependent on oil for 80 percent of its energy, Japan had to pay premium prices on the world market. Inflation rose, companies reduced energy use by cutting production, and consumers stopped spending. During the remainder of the decade, Japan built nuclear power plants. Japanese companies so rationalized energy use that when OPEC raised prices again in 1978–1980, they had a competitive advantage over less efficient firms in their prime export markets. Significance: Japan looked for alternative energy sources |
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Term
| Tanaka Kakuei and Lockheed Martin |
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Definition
| Tanaka Kakuei had Japan National Railroad (JNR) build a bullet train line through the mountains to his constituents in Niigata, at the cost of $60 million a mile. It provided government contracts for his cronies in the construction business and fattened the purses of real estate developers. Tanaka’s excesses were so blatant that public outcry drove him from office in 1974. In 1976 an investigation by the U. S. Senate disclosed that President Nixon had arranged for Lockheed Aircraft Corporation to pay Tanaka almost $2 million to have All Nippon Airways buy Lockheed planes. Despite the stench of corruption, LDP politicians held on to power because voters believed that the opposition parties were too ideologically driven and too fragmented to be trusted with national policy. Significance: was that in the face of corruption Japan's economy found a way to strive. |
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Term
| High Value Added Products in the Steel Industry |
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Definition
| To compete with low-labor-cost countries, the steel industry developed specialty high-value-added products. Automobile and electrical manufacturing grew. In 1980, Japan produced more cars than any other country. Big electrical companies made generating plants and electric motors for trains; small firms made office equipment, household appliances, and entertainment items. |
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Term
| The Changing Nature of Employment |
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Definition
| Although lifetime employment became a watch-word, it covered less than half the work force. Toyota, for example, had permanent workers who received regular salary increases based on seniority and fringe benefits; during good times, it hired temporary workers who were terminated when necessary. Over two hundred independent contractors made parts and components for cars in accordance with guidelines and timetables established by Toyota. Their workers enjoyed no job security. Women returning to the labor force after raising children typically worked at part-time or temporary jobs in small, often marginally profitable companies. A white-collar worker joined a firm straight after college and expected to stay with it for life. For indoctrination into company culture, first-year recruits lived in dormitories where they learned to maintain constant contact with their coworkers by working together and drinking together after work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mothers devoted themselves to their children’s education, earning the opprobrium of being kyoiku mama (education mothers, implying an obsession with their children’s educational success). When children needed extra help, mothers sent them to afterschool schools. Mother consulted with teachers, attended Parent-Teacher Association meetings, volunteered at school, and supervised their children’s nutrition, health, and homework. For the professional housewife, her child was her most important prod-uct. |
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Term
| Why did the Justice Department restrict access to family registers? How did private detective agencies respond? |
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Definition
| In 1976, the Justice Ministry agreed to restrict access to family registers that could be used to trace individuals back to the “new commoners” category established in 1871. Private detective agencies then published lists giving addresses for burakumin ghettoes. Their customers were companies, especially the largest and most prestigious; individuals; and colleges. Significance: that people could not find out who were burakumin |
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Term
| Okinawa's (Ryukyu Islands) most famous export |
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Definition
| The United States returned Okinawa to Japan in 1972, but left its bases on the islands. The local economy depended on servicing them and catering to Japanese tourists in search of a tropical experience at home. Okinawan music, dance, and crafts attracted aficionados on the mainland because they were seen as both a variant on primitive Japanese folk arts and an exotic island culture. Okinawa’s most famous export is karate. Although the national government has spent lavishly on construction projects, it hires natives only in low-level jobs. Burakumin, Ainu, and Okinawan poverty rates and school dropout rates have been higher than the national average. |
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Term
| Nihonhinron and the vestiges of Korean Idenity |
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Definition
| Japanese nationalists ignored all evidence to the contrary in praising the virtues of their uniquely homogeneous race. The debate on Japaneseness (Nihonjinron) arose in response to the protest movements of the late 1960s, universalizing social science theories that pigeonholed Japan solely in terms of economic development, and foreign criticism of Japan’s economic policies. The more Japanese people ate, dressed, and lived like people across the developed world, the more they had to be reminded that they possessed a uniquely distinctive culture. According to Nihonjinron, “we Japanese” speak a language intrinsically incomprehensible to outsiders, think with both sides of the brain, and have intestines too short to digest Australian beef. “We Japanese” innately prefer consensus and harmony, and we put the interests of the group above the individual. Significance: was that is was a national idenity carried over from the Japaneseness, it was believed that Japanese were more sophisticated. |
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Term
| What drives the Japanese economy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Japan likely to develop a pluralistic power grid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What aspects of present-day society are most likely to go into remission and why? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Significance: was motivated to develop energy effecient sars, this was a direct response to pollution. Their cars took over the U.S. auto industry. U.S. had a very negative out look on Japan because they would not import anything but were exporting a lot of goods. |
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Term
| Japan Intergration into Developed World |
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Definition
| had to signifcantly contribute to developing world, 50% of the world banks loans came from Japan |
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Term
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Definition
| Japan developed textsbooks for highscools that minimized any idea of Japanese agression. These texts did not acknowledge Japanese fault in WWII of Korean oppression. Japanese refused to acknowlegde that they were at fault for any part of WWII, this was a result of right-wing nationalism |
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Term
| Japanese Economics in the 80's |
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Definition
| Japan in the 80's began to prosper economically, they were privatizing there economy, Nakasoni critzited the U.S. about their work ethic and also about racial diversity. Though, he also was trying to do business with Regan |
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Term
| Japanese Material Culture |
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Definition
| In Japan, material culture became big. Hatami made fun of what was happening at the time. The obserity of Japanese modernit. This was a move toward post-modern thought |
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Term
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Definition
| type of comic that addressed different levels of society |
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Term
| Pilgrimages to Home Villages |
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Definition
| A self-styled Kyoto philosopher creatively interpreted the prehistoric Jomon era as a time when Japanese lived in harmony with nature and each other in a community of man and gods. Mystically transmitted through the emperor system and buried deep within every Japanese, the national essence could be recapitulated by a visit to the furusato (home village). |
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Term
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Definition
| Villages striving to overcome depopulation revived agricultural festivals to attract tourists; castle towns put on daimyo processions. On Yaeyama in the Ryukyu Islands, a new tradition of weaving sashes for betrothal gifts became a way to assert a folk identity and sell souvenirs to tourists. |
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Term
| Youthful Rebellion in Japan |
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Definition
| In 1978 the “bamboo shoot tribe” (takenoko-zoku) of middle and high school students dressed in outlandish and expensive costumes started appearing every Sunday near trendy Harajuku in Tokyo. Late at night, gangs of motorcycle riders roared through residential neighborhoods, disrupting the sleep of salary men. In 1985 newspapers started reporting an increase in incidents of bullying, some leading to murder or suicide, in elementary through high schools. SIGNIFICANCE: The “new breed of human beings” rejected the work ethic, harmony, and consensus of their elders. They took part-time jobs that did not require the commitment of a regular position. |
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Term
| Properties Aquried During 1980's |
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Definition
| Japan's economic development had advanced far enough at this point that they were able to buy the Rockafeller Center. Significance: They had extreme wealth that they did not know what to do with at this point in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Koizumi inherited a stagnant economy. The speculative bubble of the late 1980s collapsed when a recession in the developed world sent sales tumbling, and competition from low-labor-cost countries eroded corporations’ market share. The stock market lost nearly 40 percent of its peak value in 1990 and 65 percent by August 1992. Corporations that had borrowed billions of yen to buy land or expand their businesses discovered that their debts exceeded their rapidly depreciating assets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Japan 1995, was a 7.2 earthquake. Significance: The government’s tardy response to the Kobe earthquake on January 17, 1995, which killed over 520,000 people and left over 300,000 homeless, received much criticism. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1993, Hosokawa Morihiro from the Japan New party became prime minister when the LDP suffered defeat in elections for the lower house. The worst rice harvest in two hundred years forced him to allow rice imports from Asia for the first time since World War II. Farmers were outraged. |
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Term
| Economic Recovery in Japan |
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Definition
| the govenment invested in infrastructrue; they cut programs that dealt with humanities, so large universities were no longer funded by the government; they privatized the post office and found that without the post office there would be not funds for roads, schools; to recover the economy they also reconsidered the role of the military in Japan |
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Term
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Definition
| Japanese critics feared that schools were turning out soulless automatons with weak characters and no sense of national identity, unable to think for themselves, and lacking the creativity to put Japan in the lead of technological innovation. Preteenage rebels disrupted classrooms and terrorized teachers. In a series of high-profile crimes, youths killed classmates, tortured the homeless, and murdered elderly neighbors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Labor shortages in the 1980s in the sex trade and the dangerous, dirty, and low-paying work of construction and stevedoring brought men and women from Taiwan, the Philippines, Iran, and other countries to work as prostitutes and day laborers. About half entered illegally because the Labor and Justice ministries refused to acknowledge the need for their services. Immigration of Latin Americans of Japanese ancestry was encouraged because it was thought that they would assimilate to the dominant culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The government reduced the duration and value of unemployment benefits. Job security guarantees covered just over 15 percent of workers in 2002. “Pay for performance” started to replace the seniority system of merit raises. |
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Term
| Rise in Floating Population |
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Definition
| Tokyo, Yokohama, and Osaka had long had a floating population of farm men from the north who spent the winter working as day laborers and congregated in flophouses. In the late 1980s, permanent dropouts started to swell their numbers. Osaka laborers caused the worst rioting in nearly twenty years in 1990 in reaction to police harassment. Homeless people appeared as well. |
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