British Museum - London, England  -

Robert Smirke

1823-1852

The Classical Tradition

Designed to house collection

of Freeze from Parthanon Art Treasures

U. S. Capitol Building  Washing D.C.

1793-1863

The Classicle Tradition

Most Popular Style through wwII

Symetrical

From Greek, Roman, Renasaunce

Use of Arches, coloumns, pediments,

Samples:

British Museum - London, Robert Smirke

US Capitol Building - Wash DC

Nauvoo Temple ILL - Weeks

Revial:  Started in England spred to France

Midevil, Christain Middle ages influances

Veritical lines

pointed arches and windows

Samples: 

Houses of Parliament 1840-65, Barry and Pugin, London

Salt Lake Temple - Utah

Lincoln Cathedral - England

Trinity Church - NYC - Richard Upjohn

Eclecticism

Mixture of styles

Samples:

Paris Opera House -  J.L.C. Garnier

Manti Temple  - Ut - Folsom

Paris Opera House -France - J.L.C. Garnier

1861-74

Eclecticism:  Mixture of Styles

Wedding Cake

Crystal Palace - London    - Joseph Paxton

1851

New Materials: Iron & Glass

4'x 8' standardiation

Prefabricated

Moved to new sight after fair, burned down by fire

assembled in 8 months

What make a building modern?

Date of Construction

The Style

Technology

The Function of the Building

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve - Paris  - Henri Labrouste

Interior - 1840

Technological Developments

Library:  Simple Ren. Classical Exterior

Interior:  cast iron, tall slim classical columns out of proportion barrel vaults;  cut out ornamentaion

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve - Paris - Henri Labrouste

Exterior - 1840

Technological Developments

Library:  Simple Ren. Classical Exterior

Interior:  cast iron, tall slim classical columns out of proportion barrel vaults;  cut out ornamentaion

St Pancras Station - London - George Gilbert Scott

1874 - Interior

Technological Developments

Library:  Simple Ren. Classical Exterior

Interior:  cast iron, tall slim classical columns out of proportion barrel vaults;  cut out ornamentaion

St Pancras Station - London - George Gilbert Scott

Exterior - 1874

New Technological Developments

Library:  Simple Ren. Classical Exterior

Interior:  cast iron, tall slim classical columns out of proportion barrel vaults;  cut out ornamentaion

Eiffel Tower - Paris - Gustav Eiffel

1889

Technological Developments

Built for expo

tallest building at one time

critiques had mixed feelings

Reliance Building - Chicago - Burnham and Root

1895

Beginnings of American Skyscrapers

Steel frame not incased in masonry exterior

skin of building light

lid on top finishes look

glass windows

Mass produced terra cotta panels, ceramic glazes, durable material

Large picture windows with side opening windows

Not worried about vericle lines

Guarantee Building - Buffalo NY - Louis Sullivan

1895

Beginnings of American Skyscrapers

Carson Pirie Scott Department Store - Chicago - Sullivan

1904

Beginnings of American Skyscrapers

Carson Pirie Scott Department Store - Chicago - Sullivan

1904

Beginnings of American Skyscrapers

Tassel House - Brussels - Victor Horta

1892-93

Art Nouveau in Belgium

Bald Facade

Bowing central volume

Restrained use of stonework

modern materials

Tassel House - Brussels - Victor Horta

1892-93 Interior

Art Nouveau in Belgium

ample space of the stairwell

tendril like ornamentation, vegetbal shapes of banisters, wallpaper and floor mosaics

Maison du Peuple - Brussels - Victor Horta

1896-98  exterior

Art Nouveau in Belgium

Maison du Peuple - Brussels - Victor Horta

1896-98  interior

Art Nouveau in Belgium

Paris Metro Stations - France - Hector Guimard

1900

Art Nouveau in France

Casa Mila - Barcelona, Spain - Antoni Gaudi

1905-10

Modernism in Spain

Unique, faniciful, playful

Church of the Holy Family (Sagrada Familia) - Barcelona - Gaudi

1884-1926

Modernism in Spain

The Red House - near London -(Bexley Heath, Kent)

Phillip Webb ( for William Morris)

1859

The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain

Warm and Cozy

Gothic in inspiration

Mid evil simplier world

Munstead Wood -

Surrey -S. London

Edwin Lutyens

1898

The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain

For Gertrude Jeckel - Inventor of periennial boarders

Very simple 2 gables

Intentional door not in the middle

Informal looking

vernactualr

Stonework reflected in garden and pavers

Inside not overly grand, more cozy

Unpstairs hall, beams large made unconsistant out of local trees

Hill House -

Helensburgh (by Glasgow, Scotland -

Charles R. Mackintosh

1902-04

the more disciplined style 

mixing elements of Art Nouveau and the Arts and Crafts movement with his own exotic but rectilinear decorations, provided an original synthesis that was influential, particularly in Britain, Austria, and Germany.

Inspired by midevel castles

            Dark woodwork contrasting with plaster

            Japanize influances simplicity

        Elaborate lighting

        Window bay windows

           Table interlocking leg pieces     

Glasgow School of Art -

Glasgow Scotland

- Mackintosh

1897- 1909

mixing elements of Art Nouveau and the Arts and Crafts movement

with his own exotic but rectilinear decorations, provided an original synthesis that was influential, particularly in Britain, Austria, and Germany.

Stone,  steep site,  industrial area

    Stripped down,  art studios

factory windows

     Below lit by floor level skylights

          Library 2 story bay windows

     Not quite symmetrical

Lamp postFortress,  iron work

           Interior:  wood bow and arrow trusses

     Skylight Jap influence

 Library:  tall windows 2 story space

Balcony around sides,

windows look like rug Hanging

groups of lighting

Ames Gatelodge - North Easton, Mass -

Henry Hobson Richardson

1882

The Arts and Crafts Movement in America

Gamble House -

Pasadena, CA 

Charles and Henry Greene

1907-1908

The Arts and Crafts Movement in America

Grew up in Midwest - MIT architecture

Wealthy suburb of LA

Of Proctor and Gamble household products

Ultimate bungalow, not symmetrical

covered in shake shingle

2nd florr balcony for sleeping outdoors

Asian tradtion of interlocking sanded joints

veranda goes out into nature

clinker bricks and stone walls

tree of life carved front door

edges rounded off

Interior:  interlocking stairway

teak walnut, maple natural woods, redwood

fireplace set back into a inglenook

piano case matches design Laterns:  leather straps.

First Church of Christ Scientist - Berkeley, CA Bay Area

Bernard Maybeck

1909-11  Interior

The Arts and Crafts Movement in America

            Eclectism inspired by arts and crafts

            Covered over with nature vines

            Factory windows

            Gothic inspired window yet has a gental slope

Huge trusses,  pillars in 4 corners

            Original uses of gothic items

First Church of Christ Scientist - Berkeley, CA

Bernard Maybeck

1909-11  exterior

The ARts and Crafts Movement in America

Secession Art Gallery - Vienna - Joseph Olbrich

1897 - 98

The Secession Movement

Funded by rich patrons to build

            Over the doors:  “To the time it is art…to the art is freedom.”

-Trying not to use classical details: 

just an impressive buildings like classissim

            May be influenced by isolmic ideas.

Vienna Post Office Savings Bank - Otto Wagner

1904-06  exterior

The Secession Movement

Bank for working people  next to ring strassa

            Plane modern simple

            Symetrial site

                        Faced with stone, 

lets the bolts show

                        Industrial looking – kind of like a train station

Vienna Post Office Savings Bank - Otto Wagner

1904-06  Interior

The Secession Movement

Interier:  simple, light, glass floor tiles to let light to vaults below

Palais Stoclet -

Brussels -

Josef Hoffmann

1905-11

The Secession Movement

Best known for furniture

            House that is also an art gallery and for entertaining. 

Klimp “The Kiss”

            Dining room, richly decorated

3 things to make a building safe and usable as it is tall?

1.  Good elevators  Otis Company

2.  Light weight construction: steal framing cage

3.  Fireproofing:  cast iron and steel stronger but can still weaken in a fire

Art Nouveau

popularizing alternatives to the traditional Classical and Gothic styles,  greater freedom and experimentation with architectural forms and decorations in the new century.

           Tassel House, 1892-93, Brussels, Victor Horta   

           Maison du Peuple, 1896-98, Brussels, Victor Horta

           Paris Metro Stations, 1900, Paris, Hector Guimard

           Casa Mila, 1905-10, Barcelona, Antoni Gaudi

           Church of the Holy Family (Sagrada Familia), 1884-1926, Barcelona,Antoni Gaudi

 Arts and Crafts

Third, the romantic cottages and simplified historical forms

 simpler & more direct symbols of wholesome life in harmony with nature,

  championed the honest and simple expression of structure and materials,

ideas that influenced 20th-century modernism.

Munstead Wood, 1898, Surrey, Edwin LutyensGamble House, 1907-08, Pasadena, Ca., Charles and Henry Greene

First Church of Christ Scientist, 1909-11, Berkeley, Ca., Bernard Maybeck

 disciplined style of Charles Mackintosh in Scotland,

mixing elements of Art Nouveau and the Arts and Crafts movement with his own exotic but rectilinear decorations,

provided an original synthesis that was influential, particularly in Britain, Austria, and Germany.

Hill House, 1902-04, Helensburg (near Glasgow), Scotland, Charles R. Mackintosh

           Glasgow School of Art, 1897-1909, Glasgow, Charles R. Mackintosh

 the Secession Movement

 the geometric, rectilinear, vaguely classical forms of
centered in Vienna, 

 more disciplined alternative to Art Nouveau

related to industrial materials and construction methods.

Secession Art Gallery, 1897-98, Vienna,  Olbrich

           Vienna Post Office Savings Bank, 1904-06, Vienna, Wagner

           Palais Stoclet, 1905-11, Brussels, Hoffmann

new American modernist aesthetic, based on Arts and Crafts, use of new materials, and  American romanticism

living close to the land and the sanctity of hearth and home. 

highly sophisticated geometrical system and richly decorated,

complex spacial effects--another total aesthetic that included architecture, landscape, furniture and decorations.  

Other architects also worked successfully in the same style.

           Ward Willitts House, Highland Park, Illinois, 1902

           Robie House, Chicago, Illinois, 1908

           Larkin Building, Buffalo, New York, 1903

           Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1906

           National Farmers’ Bank, 1906-08, Owatonna, MN, Louis Sullivan

Dodge House, 1914-15, Los Angeles, Irving Gill

reinforced concrete

developed in France by Perret (and others in the US),

  industrial aesthetic in Germany before World War I by

Behrens and Gropius.  

Their sleek buildings built of modern materials reflected the excitement and precision of the machine age.

           Apartments at 25 Rue Franklin, 1902, Paris, Perret

           A.E.G. Turbine Shop, 1908, Berlin,  Behrens

Fagus Shoelast Factory, 1911, Alfeld, Germany,

Gropius and  Meyer

Werkbund Pavillion/Exposition, 1914, Cologne, Gropius

 cities of the future.

This industrial aesthetic inspired visionary plans

  Cité Industrielle, 1904-07,  Garnier

           La Citta Nuova, 1914,  Sant'Elia      

Main Railway Terminal

Eliel Saarinen

Helshinki

1904-14

Succession Influances

Modern Influenced beyond Vienna

           Large Arch Entrance

Large figures holding light spheres

simplified dome tower

Ward Willits House,

Highland Park, Ill 

1902

Frank Lloyd Wright

La Cita Nouva

Sant'Elia

Italian

1904-07

How are the attitudes of Sant'Elia and the Italian Futurists different from the leaders of the Arts and Crafts movement?

-”Futurism was in favor of revolutionary change, speed, dynamism of all sorts, and an aggressive adulation of the machine” “The vitality of contemporary life was opposed to the tiredness of inherited art forms” - essentially the antithesis of arts and crafts ideals

Werkbund Pavillion,

Walter Gropius

(Werkbund Exposition), 1914, Cologne

reinforced concrete

open, transparent glazed-window encased staircases on either side of the entrance

   -very horizontal overhanging roofs

   -A gas turbine engine was set up as a direct contrast to a classical reclining statue on either side of the deutz pavilion

What elements of the building were more traditional?

   -Symmetrical axes

   -Marked Beaux-arts processional arrangement, with open courtyard

   -Sort of neo-classical railway shed as the machine hall