Russo-Japanese War

Japan Annexes Korea

Nine Power Treaty: Ger. colonial claims in China given to Japan, ignoring this treaty that guarantees China's territorial & political integrity

Japan occupies Manchuria

Japan creates Manchukuo--last emperor made ruling regent of Japanese puppet state

Truce in fighting over Manchukuo

Coup of Radical Officers in Japan

July 7, 1937 Marco Polo Incident--beginning of WWII

Fall 1939: Poland (take out Balkans)

May-June 1940: Belgium, Luxemburg, France, Netherlands; Blitzkrieg; Dunkirk

June 1940: Fall of Paris

Summer 1940: Battle for Britain--strategic bombing, aerial campaign, radar

Nov. 14: Coventry

June 1941 Invasion of Soviet Union

-six month delay b/c Ger. tying up loose ends

-delay + changes in command and to plans = poorly planned

-Russia has enough people/soldiers to defeat Ger. (~30 million people dead)

Important Battles

Eastern front

Leningrad--furthest N Ger. made it

Moscow--G. didn't make it all the way there

Stalingrad--city turned to rubble, but Ger. didn't take the city and surrenders b/c cut off *turning point for E. front*

Kursk--use mechanized artillerary, tanks more than any other battle in modern warfare

Crimea--surrender of another Ger. army group

Berlin--Russians breach Ger. boundaries & bring Ger. to its knees

Afrika Corps--Rommel is Ger. leader, quick mechanized warfare

Tunisia--pass battles: first lost by Amer., second won (leader Patton)

Morocco--N. Africa taken by Ger., Rommel running out of supplies, Americans & British begin to push Eastward

Lybia

Egypt

Sicily (1943)--new base of operations, Patton takes it before British 8th Army

Italian Campaign (1943-44)--7th Army (Patton) turned into 5th Army (Matt Clark), rugged mountains & defense lines (Gustav Line: Allies bomb Cassino)

WWII Asia:

Opening Gambit

July 1937 Marco Polo Bridge

S. Front: Shanghai Aug-Nov 1937

Rape of Nanking Dec 1937-Feb 1938

WWII Asia:

Southern Front

Shanghai Aug-Nov 1937:
300.000 Jap troops, 700.000 Chin troops (Nazi Ger. trained), 150,000 Chin escape Shanghai area

March toward Nanking: leave no Chin soldiers alive, destruction of entire Chin cities and villages, promise to Jap troops--loot and women if victorious

WWII Asia:

Rape of Nanking

Dev 1937-Feb 1938

at least 100,000 citizens killed

80-90% of women raped: rape & murder common, rape & subjugation as "public urinals"

safety zones: created by Nazi official John Rabe who saved over 100,000 Chinese and tried to combat the Rape by providing food and shelter

WWII Asia:

Battle for Nanking 

Dec 5-13th 1937

5th execution order extended

9th Chiang Kaishek departs Nanking

11th final assult begins

12th Chinese army retreats

13th Japanese army enters Nanking

WWII Asia:

China, 1937-41

China stands alone: stalemate, united front KMT and CCP reunite

Russian and American Pilots

Small financial support for China

WWII Asia:

Japanese Offensives 1941-42

N. resource area: Burma & New Guinea

S. resource area: Dutch East Indes (Indonesia, Malaysia), Solomons, Philippines

WWII Asia:

Baatan Death March April 1942

Philippines: controlled by America b/c of Spanish-American war

weapons systems and supply lines out of date

Japs cut Amer forces off and force surrender

Amer troops gathered at Marvellis and marched to San Fernando where sent to prison camp O'Donnel

later POWs sent back to Japan to work in coal mines

WWII Asia:

Retaking Pacific

May 1942 Coral Sea: first major engagement w/Japan, first naval battle where neither fleet saw each other

June 42 Midway: Magic Code breaker decodes need for water, US sets trap and destroys all 4 Jap aircraft carriers so lost heart of naval aviation = after this Jap on defense

Aug 42-Feb 43 Guadalcanal: US starts retaking, US finds out how hard and unprepared we are

June 44 Guam/Saipan/Tinian: US retakes and gets closer to mainland Jap, US creates airspaces for planned bombing

Oct 44-Apr 45 Philippines: US controls and corners Jap

Feb-Mar 45 Iwo Jima: US needed island post closer to Jap, also symbolic victory of Jap soil

Mar-June 45 Okinawa: close enough to mainland to give US good invasion placement

WWII Asia:

US firebombing

Tokyo raid march 1945

B29 superfortress aircraft--strategic bombing

huge bombs were not accurate

aircrafts fly lower and drop incindiary devices instead of bombs, more accurate and destructive

WWII Asia:

Hiroshima 

August 6, 1945

end of June, B25s flew over major Jap cities scouting targets & dropping warning leaflets

warning to govt: total surrender or huge weapon used

accept until midnight Aug 8--declined

would it have been better if we didn't use atom bomb? 50-50 yes-no, General McArthur w/o it at least 2 years major warfare and at least 1 mil US lives and 3-6 mil Jap lives, our choice wasn't hasty

destroyed 5 square miles of land, 80-90 thousand people

at this point, US is 1st and only country to use atomic warfare

WWII Asia:

Nagasaki

Aug 9, 1945

US 2nd use of atomic weapon

3 days later Jap surrender

official surrender in Treaty of Unconditional Surrender onboard St. Missouri = end of WWII

bewteen both bombs: 12 square miles destroyed, 175-185 thous people dead

Professional Conscript Army

New Military Operations Strategies

500,000

(100,000

900,000

700,000

50,000) = he's retarded

ModCiv brings WWI, Great Depression, WII

ModCiv ends during Cold War

Characteristics of the World since 1945

list 3 and their subpoints

1. Conflict: Cold War (end modern), Post Cold War (post-modern), Hegemonic Struggle (everyone wants to rule the world)

2. Cooperation: Security, Economics

3. Power: Military, Economics, Technology

Cold War:

Bretton Woods

group that decides to create controlled financial order--currencies fluctuate based on how much citizens trust in value of currency

1. IBRD--International Band of Reconstruction and Development: Rebuild (use low-cost loans), Develop (help economic growth)

2. IMF--International Monetary Fund: Promote fiscal responsibility (help govts develop realistic budgets & spending), Maintenace of debt repayment (repay old debts to World Bank thru 5% loans)

Cold War:

Dumbarton Oaks

conference outside of San Fransisco that forms UN

Collective Security--Security Council: victors of WWII have permanent seats and veto power, hostility anywhere is concern for this council

Open Dialogue--General Assembly: converse about issues, every state gets one seat

Concern for Justice--ICJ (Treaty of Versaille)

Concern for Economic Development of Mankind--ECOSOC Economic and Social Council: Trusteeship Council says pop of world have right of self-determination

Cold War:

Rebuilding the World

Marshal Plan: loans used to rebuild Western Europe after WWII to prevent Soviet Communism, pricetag $12, 741,000 (almost none repaid)

Asia: support Republic of China, rebuild Japan on MacArthur Plan so we have their support

Cold War

1950-89 or 91

Begins w/Korean Conflict: N Korea is Soviet Communist, S Korea is US and allies--N asks UN how to influence govt

Creation of Bi-Polar World Order: between Soviet Union and US
E vs W (communism)
NATO vs Warsaw Pact (mutual defense alliances)
Economic and Political competition 

NATO (US) vs Warsaw Pact (Soviets)

Berlin Airlift: US drops supplies to Soviet-blockaided Berlin

Iron Curtain: Churchill's speech, break Europe into 2 b/c Western ideas can't mix with communism

MAD world--Mutually Assured Destructive World: we will be destroyed in process of destroying them

Fall of Nations: E Ger. tear down Berlin wall & join Germany

91 Collapse of Soviet Union: Federation of States, April=every state independent

Cold War Asia:

Truman Doctrine/Domino Theory

fight communism anywhere, containment policy to stop Soviet expansion

if one state fell to communism, then the surrounding would do so as well (Eisenhawer especially Asia)

China vs Taiwan (PRC/ROC split): US troops to T to keep from total destruction, Soviets supply China w/means to beat KMT

Korea beyond 1953: Soviets create govt in N Korea, US in S Korea, N invades S and UN defends S

Vietnam & SE Asia: US loses, split and N communist, S nationalist

Afghanistan: Soviet invasion instead of helping instill order, fail to create communist state so withdraw again

End of colonization--independence

Economic Imperialism=open to communism

Playground for Cold War struggle:
Congo Crisis--collapse cause Belgians to leave, then they come back and Mabutu in charge
Angolian Civil War--Portugese leave and no plans for new govt, socialist invite communist govt members to help establish govt in Angola, soldiers sent to help
Ogaden War
"Let us build you a stadium"--PRC attaches no value to its actions, expects nothing in return, largest stadium in Lyberia (Sahara), effort of coercion b/c need natural resources

Dependency Theory--resources flow from poor to wealthy countries, so help underdeveloped on path to deveolpment through investment, technology, and connection to world market

Cuban Missile Crisis and Bay of Pigs--see missle evidence in Cuba as result of Soviet influence and failed attempt of US to overthrow Castro through invasion

Internal Conflicts: Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, Nicaragua

Grenada: Cuban govt met with Grenada's govt to build new airport to fly soldiers into, US objects and invades

Cold War:

About Ideology

Which one will win?

Liberalism & Modern Democracy: socialism becomes communism, so liberal world order w/free-market trade system is best

Communism & Autocracy: supreme political power in hands of one person

Socialism, no it's not Communism: S=social ownership of means of production functions on citizen ownership of equity, C=social order based on common ownership and means of production

Theocracy: diety organized as civil ruler and officials are divinely appointed

Cold War:

Position and Perception

heriarchy of prestige

change in world: interaction, systemic, systems

costs and benefits: when will states challenge status quo, when will dominant state be forced to seek change

Realist Theory

3 Assumptions

State of System is Anarchy

States are Self-Serving Rational Actors

States are Unitary Actors

Internal: define and protect property rights of individual groups

External: protect property rights and citizens from actions of other states

determined by dominant members or ruling coalitions

decisions involve trade-offs

maximization of power/security**#1**

control over territory

influence other states

influence/control world economy

Indifference Curve

How strongly are states going to be intersted in making changes?

differs based on interests of domestic elites

responsive to both internal and external changes

a function of wealth and power of society

Diverse Entities that engage in 

Regular Interactions and Regulation of Behavior

Distribution of Power in Coalitions: hememony, bi-polar, balance of power

Heirarchy of Prestiege: based on power, currency of international relations

Rights and Rules: diplomacy, war, trade

Systems: nature of actors, in the actual system

Systemic: governance of system, who's most powerful in the system?

Interaction: interstate processes, trade, movement of populations

Transportation/Communication

Military Tech/Techniques

Economics

success=want more success=change

Social Formations: types of change are different for types of social formations

Enhanced Economic Growth/Tech Advancement: at hieght of modernity

Natural Barriers

Loss of Military Strength

Opposing Power

Balance of Power

Optimization of State Size

Cost of Administration

Tendency of Fragmentation

Governance in system requires that state spend money on: military, alliance financing, foreign aid, international system, maintenance

to be best, need to spend most $ on all of these

Dominant state cannot support the system

Divergence of cost and benefit

Economic and political decline result

Consumption: we use $, no more coming out of consumption, but stimulates economy

Investment: get $ back

Protection: uses up $ that could be consumed or invested, no $ back, but we need it

Society ages and needs more consumption and protection costs so investment goes down

Investment goes down and so does productivity

Productivity declines so economic decline and loss of international position

Economic Growth

Law of Increasing Cost of War

Growth of Consumption

Structural Change in Economy

Corrupting Influence of Affluence

Increasing Cost of Dominance

Loss of Economic/Tech Leadership

Increase resources devoted to maintaining commitment and system position

Reduce existing commitments in way that does not jeopardize position

either way equilibrium will not last long, and someone will always get hurt