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Agreed to sponsor Colombus' expedition.
Abolished the last Muslim community in Spain (Granada). |
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| Colombus' Expedition 1492 |
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| Received his commission from Ferdinand and Isabella of Castille. Landed at San Salvador in the eastern Bahamas, mistook it for Cipangu. |
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| One of the outer islands of Japan. |
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| Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 |
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| Pope extended line of demarcation for Spanish vs. Portuguese ownership. The outcome of this is the clear effect of the Portuguese on Brazil to this day. |
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Eastern Christian king that ruled over nations and he's lost within the Orient. Sent that letter to the Portuguese. Myth.
Never found him but was used to justify expansion and promotion of Christianity. |
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| Conspicuous consumption of spices |
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| Visual display of spices in Europeans' homes that bespoke of one's social status. |
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| Known as the point of no return to mariners. |
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| With a compass, mariners could accurately assess their location relative to the equator. Could understand what kinds of winds to expect. |
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| "Return through the sea"; Rather than trying desperately to come back by hugging the coast, mariners went out into open water. This was a huge step in sailing. Mariners slowly zig-zagged through the wind until they caught the Westerlies and were put right at Portugal. Huge risk taken and huge benefit in the end. |
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| Raiding and trading along W. Africa |
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| Small, private ventures along African coast. By 1350s, the Canary Islands were "rediscovered". By 1400, rediscovered Cape Verde islands. Most islands virtually uninhabited except for Guanche. Met stiff resistance from local chieftains. |
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| Discovered in the early 14th century as uninhabited. Very important site of sugar plantations, but needed laborers. Many Guanche were enslaved and became laborers; decimated in the end because no immunity against mainland diseases. |
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| Taking indigenous peoples out of isolation. Many were found prior experience of leaving their islands. This exposed them to disease and social chaos. |
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| Indigenous peoples of the Canary Islands visited since the early 14th century. Enslaved as sugar laborers. |
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| Demand for sugar was high (luxury goods). Since 12th century, there existed plantations in Palestine and the Mediterranean islands. In 15th century, Italians worked with Portuguese to establish plantations in Atlantic islands. Went far south on the Atlantic. |
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| The way that the Guanche were treated by the Portuguese provided a blueprint for how they would deal with populations in the Americas. When Colombus arrived in S. America, there was already the experience of subjugating large population of indigenous people. |
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| Peripheral status of Portugal |
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| Asserted Portuguese authority through constant conquest. |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| (Dom Henrique of Portugal); Promoted voyages to west Africa specifically for gold, discovered profitable new trade routes, gained intelligence about the extent of Muslim power, won converts to Christianity, and made alliances against Muslims with any Christian rulers to might have found. |
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Reasons for Exploration
Economic: |
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| Search for basic resources and lands suitable for cultivation of cash crops (tobacco, sugar, etc) and most basically wheat; just wasn't enough resources in Portugal fro the growing population; desire to establish trade routes to Asian markets, needed a better route than Silk Roads because of collapse of Mongol empire and outbreak of plague. |
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Reasons for Exploration
Religious: |
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| Aspiration to expand influence of Christianity. Although some were zealous religious missionaries, others used the spread of religion as a justification for the material motives of the voyages. |
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| Story of Vasco de Gama landing on Calicut. People asked him what he wanted there and he said "Christians and spices" |
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| Difficult voyage which didn't fare profitable in the Indian market. But what he brought back to Europe (cinnamon and pepper) was very profitable. Built a trading post by 1500 and established India as a major trade route. |
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| Trade Monopoly in Indian Ocean |
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| "Choke points" or transfer points |
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Ruled with an iron fist. Passes necessary.
Hormuz controlled access to Persian Gulf. At the time it was the principal commercial pathway of commodities from Asia to Europe.
Sao Jorge de Mina traded in west African slaves.
Mozambique, attempted to control south African gold trade
Goa organized trade in Indian pepper. |
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| Brought his fleet to Kilwa in 1505. Landed some 500 Portuguese soldiers to drive Emir Ibrahim out of the city. Installed his own choice on the throne as Portuguese vassal. Erected Fort Santiago and left garrison behind. Set up mercantilist laws on sultanate, which forbade Kilwa to trade with anyone but Portuguese. |
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| August 1505 he arrived at Mombasa. Had a population of about 10,000; conquered in heavy combat. Plundered and torched. Were assisted in this attack by enemy of Mombasa, Sultan of Melinde. |
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| Replaced by Afonso d'Alboquerque in 1506. |
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| King of Mombasa's letter to King of Malindi |
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| Dom Francisco d'Almeida was appointed the first governor and viceroy of the Portuguese State of India. Established Portuguese hegemony in Indian Ocean. |
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| After conquering Goa, they created this to administer their possessions in the Indian ocean. |
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| Aggressive maritime policy; commander of Portuguese forces in Indian Ocean during early 16th century. Seized Hormuz in 1508, Goa in 1510, Melaka in 1511. Sought to control trade from these strategic sites. |
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| Forced merchant ships to purchase safe-conduct passes and present them at Portuguese trading posts. Ships without passes were subject to confiscation, along with their cargoes. Forces punished violators by executing them or cutting off their hands. |
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| (ca. 1496-1563 in Goa). Portuguese historian, author of "Legends of India", one of the earliest and most important works about Portuguese rule in Asia, being referred to as the Portuguese Polybius. Served as a secretary to Afonso de Alboquerque. Wrote "Cut Off Their Ears, Hands and Noses!" |
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| Demise of Portuguese Monopoly |
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| Because of the small pop in Portugal (about 1 million in 1500), Portuguese didn't have enough resources to keep a large maritime power overseas. Many of their workers were Dutch, Spanish, etc. This enabled the other countries to begin their own business ventures but with more power (Examples: English East India Company and Dutch United East India Company). |
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| Strategic location at the mouth of the Perian Gulf. Decade after Vasco de Gama's voyage around the Cape of Good Hope and to India, Portuguese explorers arrived at Oman and occupied Muscat from 1507-1650. Needed an outpost to protect their sea lanes so they built up and fortified the city. Pushed out eventually. Never under total sway of European colonization, always controlled a few select port towns, but majority was controlled by tribes and natives. |
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| Social status of the Conquistadors |
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| There was an impression that they were valiant soldiers ready to take on the Americas. In actual reality, many were past prisoners, poor, etc. |
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| Dona Marina (La Malinche) |
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| "The Motherfucker"; Seen as a traitor to the Aztecs because of her affair with Hernan Cortes. Played a central role in the mediation between Moctezuma and Cortes. |
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| In 1518 Cortes persuaded Velzquez, who was now governor, to make him commander of an expedition to Mexico. It had only recently been discovered by Europeans and was rumred to contain great wealth. Shortly before Cortes set sail, Velzquez, who was now suspicious of his motives, cancelled his commission. Cortes ignored Velazquez and set sail. On arrival, he established a settlement and made local allies. The major civilization in the region was that of the Aztecs, led by Moctezuma II. Cortes headed for the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, which was a three-month journey over difficult terrain. It is thought that Cortes' arrival coincided with an Aztec prophecy about a white-skinned god arriving from the east, which would explain why Moctezuma welcomed Cortes and gave him lavish gifts. Howere, relations quickly deteriorated and, fearing an attack, Cortes took Montezuma hostage, demanding a huge ransom from his people. In 1524, Cortes was named governor and captain general of New Spain. In 1528, amid Spanish fears that he was becoming too powerful, he was forced to return to Spain where the king reinstated him as captain general, but not to the position of civil governor. On his return to Mexico, his powers were significantly limited and his activities monitored. |
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| Chief of the Aztecs. Sent poeple out to stall the Spaniards. Created a lot of insecurity between people in the city. |
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| Born c. 1476 in spain. In 1513, joined Vasco Nunez de Balboa in his march to the "South Sea," during which Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. In 1532, Pizarro and his brothers conquered Peru. Three years later, Pizarro founded the nation's new capital, Lima. Pizarro was assassinated on June 26, 1541 in Lima, Peru by vengeful members of an enemy faction of conquistadores. |
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| In 1528, Pizarro went back to Spain and managed to procure a commission from Emperor Charles V. Pizarro was to conquer the southern territory and established a new Spanish province there. In 1532, accompanied by his brothers, Pizarro overthrew the Inca leader Atahualpa and conquered Peru. Three years later, he founded the capital city of Lima. |
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| There was a belief that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl when he landed in America. |
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| Mesoamerican deity of war, sun, human sacrifice and patron of the city of Tenochtitlan. |
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| 1519 Hernan Cortes fought and subdued the Tlaxcaltecas. Rivals of the Aztecs. |
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