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| Believed that earth was stationary and at the center of the universe, contained 80 corrective systems, not simple, sun and planets revolved around earth in circular patterns, nothing resides beyond stars and planets except God, later superseded by Copernicus' theory of a heliocentric universe |
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| "Good deeds" that the Catholic church sold to the families of the deceased to help the dead get to heaven. These were sold to help the Church increase their income and rebuild religious buildings in Rome |
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| The Devastation of the Indies |
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| Bartolome de la Casa's account of the Spanish imperialism of the Indies; write about the brutality exacted upon the natives by the Christian Spaniards, de la Casas was a lawyer and a miss ionary that witnessed the destruction of the local kingdoms of the Indies, important to the course because it displays imperialism and tension between two countries in the 16th century and particularly the discovery of the Americas. |
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| Written by Copernicus and promotes a heliocentric viewpoint. Meaning the sun is @ the center of our solar system. This idea was more simple than Ptolemy’s therefore it was more true. Created religious problems because it took man out of the center of the universe. |
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| Bacon's project was an alternative to Aristotelian method, coming to knowledge through observance rather than reading, data is gathered and observed and then a conclusion is drawn, |
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| allied w/ Ming army to recover Beijing. They portrayed themselves as avengers who saved the capital and displaced the Ming dynasty by moving their capital to Beijing. They founded the Qing dynasty ruling until 1911. Originally pastoral nomads who, before overtaking Ming, centralized as a state before moving into Beijing. |
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| Sail Types and the Reconnaissance |
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| Two main types of sails: square sails (allowed them to take full advantage of a following wind) and triangular lateen sails (could catch winds from the sides as well as from behind); this was crucial in exploration of regions with uncooperative winds |
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| A 17th century extreme Platonist, simplified math using elliptical orbits around sun, conversion to mechanism view of motion in which things move because they want to move, |
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| Published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" which is a systematic account of Protestantism and introduces a notion of predestination through "sola gratia", he created Christian Republic which was dominated by a council who judges community publicity in Geneva, |
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| The Royal Society was a group of intellectuals that Francis Bacon belonged to; they received a charter from the King; the members of the society shared their experiments and findings with one another to prove/disprove their hypotheses; worked to categorize libraries |
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| Invention of the 17th century, used by Galileo to suggest that stars do not exist on a sphere as Ptolemaic astronomy suggests, also discovered sun spots and the moons of Jupiter; significant because it contributed to the increase in observational science and research and lessened the controversy of the credibility of one's own eyes (Artifice vs. Nature), |
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| The Hapsbergs were a great family in the Germanic empire, but were weak and elected because they were weak; the Ottomans attacked Hungary under Hapsburg rule and eventually took it in the 17th c. This marked the greatest extent of the Ottoman empire. |
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| A cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the most sacred site in Islam; every Muslim is required by the Pillars of Islam to make a pilgrimage to the Ka'ba and they circumambulate the Ka'ba. The Ka'ba is a central concept in the Islamic religion and all Muslims pray towards the Ka'ba, a representation of a house in heaven |
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| War between England and France in the 14th century; the Duke of Normandy conquered England, but then was charged with felony by King Philip of France; resulted in a strong sense of nationalism, collapse of French aristocracy, English language becomes vernacular of French and Anglo-Saxon, |
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| The church that the women in the Decameron gather in, center of Hospital district; the setting for their gather is significant because they are talking about abandoning their town instead of staying, |
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| This Council was established as a response to the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church; laid down the differences between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in hopes to win over more Protestants and secure the beliefs of Catholics; drew heavily on Thomas Aquinas, dealing with doctrine and reform |
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| Artist of the 14th century, created painting that represented volume, important because it launched a movement of paintings with significant realism and depth, |
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| Italian artist of the 13-14th century, painted a piece in the Santa Maria Novella, one of the first known artists to experiment with grounds, |
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| Painter of the Mona Lisa; multiple grounds (foregrounds, backgrounds), perspective, depth, |
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| Professor of rhetoric who taught classical Latin; studied the Donation of Constantine and discovered it was a forgery; important because of it led Valla to writing a grammar for classical Latin (becomes the standard) |
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| Varieties of Protestantism |
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| Important because the revolts against the Roman Catholic Church shattered any unity that their churches throughout Europe may have had; the rise of Lutheran Protestantism, Anabaptist and Calvinism; triggered Catholic Reformation, LUTHERAN: retained many sacramental understandings and liturgical understandings (opposed to the reformed churches). Opposed the Roman Catholic church and adopted the theology based on salvation through faith alone by Christ alone. CALVINIST: Started by john Calvin emphasizing predestination, the elect, and the rule of god over all things. Believes once saved always saved. ANABAPTIST: Only adults have capacity to believe. Therefore they practiced believer's baptism instead of infant baptism. |
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| Work by Thomas Hobbes that states that war in mankind can be averted through a strong central government; also states that man is inherently evil and that social contracts are made to raise people out of natural state of warfare in everyone's best interest. |
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| Wall in a mosque facing Mecca with a stone tablet marker (mihrab) identifying it; the directions which Muslims pray towards; significant because it shows that Ottomans took time to observe or even practice Islam even though they were not a Muslim civilization. |
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| Dutch Renaissance humanist, inspired by Valla; looked at early manuscripts of the New Testament and discovered that the doctrine of the trinity was inserted in the 4th century; he challenged the fundamental church doctrine; |
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| One of the earliest known representations of a map from the 7th century that portrayed the earth as was perceived (spherical); the T is the Mediterranean, dividing the three continents, Asia, Europe and Africa, and the O is the encircling Ocean. Important because it presents the first step in the development of the modern map. |
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| Supposed persona of the writer of a book who is a traveler; the book heavily influenced real explorers such as Christopher Columbus despite some its outlandish descriptions; the manuscript claims that you could travel far to the West and reach a land where the tongue is the same as one's own, |
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| Cape of Good Hope; was the first known sailor to be able to go around Africa in 1488; he was a nobleman of the Royal Household |
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| A Portuguese fidalgo, or nobleman, a naval general officer whose military and administrative activities conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian ocean. |
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| Under Akbar, Muslim and Hindu culture were integrated and a court culture was created; court culture led to enormous wealth and an increase in high culture (art and literature); Because the ruler of the Mughal Empire, Akbar, was highly interested in different religions and philosophies, he was very tolerant with the different religions within India during his reign. His policy of religious tolerance was looked at as a policy that would reduce tensions between Hindu and Muslims. The significance of this was that it made the Mughal Empire very strong politically, preventing rebellious acts from happening—giving Akbar the title AKBAR THE GREAT. Furthermore, Akbar even allowed for non-Muslims to be a part of his administration—creating equality among Muslims and non-Muslims. Akbar even abolished Jizya, a taxation on non-Muslims—all the while holding debates and discussions among different religious groups. This religious policy however, caused dissatisfaction among Muslims, who felt Muslims were losing their identity in response to the policies of religious tolerance. |
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| Florentine sculptor; developed vanishing point perspective, extolled round form for building churches; designed revolutionary dome with rib system with heavy lantern that held ribs down, emphasized symmetry |
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| Built Il Rendentore in Venice, known for symmetrical structures, central space church, recalls purity of Tempietto, when you entered church you were already at the center, designed Villa Capra |
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| Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns and roofs; based on Ancient Principles; A classical order is one of the ancient styles of building design in the classical tradition, distinguished by their proportions and their characteristic profiles and details, but most quickly recognizable by the type of column and capital employed. |
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| System tribal in nature, chieftains/qizilbash struggled for political and economic power, eventually converted to Islam for convenience, brought down Safavid empire |
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| Rural Sufi group that occupied post-Mongol Persia, succession of Sufi-masters who lived a long time (stability), originally Sunni, claimed descendants from 7th Imam of the 12th series, claimed to be descendants of Mohammed and claimed "shadow of God on Earth", representing millennial world. |
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| One of the greatest Sultans of the Ottoman Empire reigning in the 16th century/golden age; completely revised Ottoman law while doubling the expanse of the Ottoman empire; relations with slave/concubine, leading to the development of the Harem and the household power of women; |
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| Region of Mongol empire run by Batu |
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| One of Martin Luther's teachings meaning "only scripture"; Martin Luther believed that to be saved in Christianity, only faith and scripture were needed and only grace has authority-- not the church. These pillars were in response to the Catholic movement in Europe. Implies that the Bible is self-authenticating, rational to the reader, and is sufficient in itself as the final authority of the Christian doctrine. Contrary to the Roman Catholic doctrine that believes the Bible is important but is not an exclusive part of the Sacred Tradition from which the Churches derive their doctrines. |
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| Sect of Muslim religion that showed contempt for the world, stated that God's reality is a higher reality that that of people, practice of asceticism, abuse, fasting, etc... promoted awareness or certainty of God's existence. Movement to mainstream by al-Ghazali, |
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| Basket work rocket launchers: Fired multiple poisoned arrows with fire, set up on tripod, 200 yds, individual weapon; Bees nest launcher: artillery piece, bronze, very heavy, rockets attached to head of arrows; Multistage rocket: rocket steered by 4 arrows, each with a rocket on it, dragon head, fish tail, range of over 1 mile, filled with incendiary materials; |
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| A simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the north star above the horizon; eventually replaced by cross staffs and back staffs; crucial for determining direction and location, also useful for mapping, |
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| Arabic school or place of teaching, created around the Abbasid Dynasty, |
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| an influential Chinese landscape painter who formed the Ma-Xia school of painting. His lyrical and romantic interpretation became the model for later painters. Famous for “one corner” composition: that is asymmetrical compositions that are split on the diagonal. Revolutionary because he took attention from the center of the canvas and put it to one side; philosophical underlyings; |
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| The theory of impetus was an antiquated auxiliary or secondary theory of Aristotelian dynamics, put forth initially to explain projectile motion against gravity |
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| Battle between Safavids and the Ottomans, resulting in a Safavid loss and the qizilbash losing faith in their leader Isma'il; no centralized unified government, only sets of alliances, regime develps army of Shiites, ulama becomes Shiite ulama, After this the Turkish language prevaled along with Arabic over Persian in the west of the Safavid empire. |
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| Guyuk's successor in the Mongol empire; previous rulers threw the empire into great debt by handing out tax exemptions to religious orgs, Mongke reversed the policy and reestablished fiscal soundness. Also established Il-khanates; family members to help run fiscal admin, |
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| 16th century German priest who published a large map of the world; first person to tell the world that a vast ocean lay to the west of the American continents, used Amerigo Vespucci's manuscripts to create his map |
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| Safavid Sufi leader who declared himself Shah and controlled Persia and North Syria in the late 15th Century; went to battle with Ottoman Janissaries and won; converted to Shiism, eventually lost to Ottomans in the Battle of Chaldiran; Then he began to make alliances with the Ulama. He codicted a Shiite inquisition "converted", drove out or killed Sufis in Iran. |
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| Shah of the Safavid empire in the 16-17th century who allied himself with Persian elite and qizilbash, made lots of economic reforms: established offices, loans, reestablished agriculture, constrained freedoms of qizilbash farmers, developed commercial trade, and built capital in Istahan to support Chinese imports, |
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| The last of the known and recorded bloodline of Mohammed; many sects of Islam claim descendants for legitimacy, |
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| The "hidden imam"; prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth seven, nine, or nineteen years before the coming of the day; will rid the world of evil and error; not universally accepted in all Muslim sects, |
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| Veil worn by Ottoman women |
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| Veiling of a woman's face allowed her out in public alone; the significance is that though it was a restriction, it was also a avenue to freedom |
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| Between Albanians and Medieval Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. Ottomans won but it was costly. As a result, Serbian nobles payed tribute and supplied soldiers and daughters to the Ottomans. |
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| Author of Three Kingdoms, the story of three men who join as brothers and come to rule China; the story teaches that systems always fail and that no system can cover all possibilities of human relations through misunderstandings and miscommunications; the story is also bears a critical outlook on life and shows that the study of the past allows one to make judgments to show corruption of hte current age, political = personal, |
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| One of the "brothers" in the Oath in the Peach Court story; declared eldest brother because of his relation to the imperial family; Liu Pei saves Kuan Yu from being executed, showing the flaw in the Confucian system; becomes leader of the Shu kingdom (one of the three kingdoms), |
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| Antagonist and general in the story of the Three Kingdoms; fights Liu Pei in the Battle of the Red Cliffs; causes Tan Fu's mother to hang herself by sending a forged letter; shows that corruption can escape the system (imperfection of systems and moral codes) |
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| Battle in the story of the Three Kingdoms during which Liu Pei fought Tsao Tsao; this decisive battle gave power to Liu Pei to form the two Southern Kingdoms,Liu Pei and Sun Quan formed their alliance for the first time and encountered the southward expansion of T'sao T'sao's troop. Liu pei and Sun Quan's troop were vastly outnumbered by T'sao T'sao. However, T'sao T'sao's troop were not suited in the Southern Climate and naval warfares. Fire were used against T'sao T'sao's vessles. Because the vessles were chained together, most of T'sao T'sao's troops were burnt and drowned. T'sao T'sao lost the battle and barely escaped. |
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| Boccaccio dedicates the work to ladies of the day who did not have the diversions of men (hunting, fishing, riding, falconry) who were forced to conceal their amorous passions and stay idle and concealed in their rooms. |
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| Built the Tempio Malatestiano, greatly admired Brunelleschi, |
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| The recluse sage in the story of the Three Kingdoms; becomes Liu Pei and his brothers' scholar-sage, replacing Tan Fu, He was was the Chancellor of Shu Han during the three kingdom. He then became the strategist for Liu Pei. His strategies were often unpredictable and greatly helped Liu Pei in his Victories. |
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