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| Philip the Fair of France |
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| Unleashed a ruthless campaign on Pope Boniface after he issued a bull. After second bull issued, he sent troops to beat the pope badly and might have even executed him had not an aroused populace liberated the pope and returned him safely to Rome |
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| In the 14th c, he issued a bull (Clericis Laicos), which forbade lay tazation of the clergy without prior papal approval. King Philip the Fair of France fought back, unleashing a ruthless antipapal campaign. Bonaface made a last ditch stand against state control of national churches in 1302 when he issued another bull which delcared temporal authority "subject" to the spiritual power of the church. The French responded by kicking his ass until he almost died. There was no papal retaliation. |
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| Forbade the tazation of the clergy without prior papal approval. |
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| With the old urban nobility, this new upper class merged into an urban patriciate in 1100. The burghers were made up of newly wealthy merchants who fortunes came from long-distance trade. Became the new model of self-government. |
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| In the 12c, Byzantine and Spanish Islamic scholars made it possible for the philosophical works of Aristotle, the writings of Ptolemy and Euclid, the texts of Greek physicians and Arab mathematicians, and the corpus Roman law to circulate among Western scholars. Islamic scholars would then write thought-provoking commentaries on these works, which were then translated into Latin and made available to Western scholars and students. This gave the spark to open up the universities we know today. Universities would practice scholasticism, in which students summarized and compared the traditional authorities in their field, elaborated their arguments pro and con, and drew logical conclusions. With the arrival of Aristole's work, they began integrating logic and dialectic into their ways of learning. Dialectic was the art of discovering truth by pondering the arguments against it. |
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| The first important Western university established in 1158. It became the model for universities in Spain, Italy, and southern France. It also gained renown for the revival of Roman law. |
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| Studies by which people attain and practice virtue and wisdom--studies of history, moral philosophy, rhetoric, and literature. |
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| The basic learning process in which people were already assumed to know the truth. Students, then, only needed to know how to properly organize, elucidate, and defend the truth. To do so, they wrote commentaries on authoritative texts, especially those of Artistotle and the church fathers. Teachers would not encourage the students to strive independently for undiscovered truth beyond the received knowledge of the experts. |
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| Known to promote the Aristotelian way of learning the most boldly and controversially. He was a leading philosopher and theologian of his time and the first European scholar to gain a large student audience. He gained many powerful enemies by his subjection of church teaching and critical reasoning. He taught that the motives of the doar made an act good or bad, not the deed itself. Inner feelings were also said to be more important for receiving divine forgiveness than the sacrament of penance peroformed by the priest. In Paris, he seduced a 17-year-old niece of a powerful canon who had hired him to be her tutor. He got her pregnant ooops they couldn't marry because teachers at the time were not supposed to marry. Thus they wed in secret. The uncle exposed their affair and castrated Abelard. Abelard became a self-condemning monk's monk. The girl lived on to help the efforts of women's rights etc. |
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| Was a 13th c scholar who made compatile the "pagan" thought (the reasoning of Greeks such as Artistotle, who contradicted the Christian view of the universe as it developed during the Middle Ages) and Church orthodoxy based on faith. |
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| The scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and the ancient Church Fathers, both for their own sake and to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values. Humanists would advocate a liberal arts program that embraced grammer, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy. Unlike their Scholastic rivals, humanists were not content only to summarize and compare the views of recognized authorities on a question but instead went directly to the original source and drew their own conclusions. |
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| The father of humanism, lived in the 14th century in Florence. He left the legal profession to pursue his love of letters and poetry, celebrating his love for ancient Rome. His critical textual studies, elitism, and contempt for the allegedly useless learning of the Scholastics were shared by many later humanists. |
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| A linguist and philosopher who lived in the late 1400s, he wrote a supreme statement in an essay about the Renaissance idolization of a man. His exerpt talks about the top ranking of humans in the world, and how God chose humans to have free will to become brutish like lower forms or to follow his faith and become reborn in the afterlife. |
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| In the Oration on the Dignity of Man by Pico Della Mirandola, Pico said that God wanted one more creature to admire his work. Humans were his chosen form, called an indeterminate form because ther are placed in the middle of the world. All other creatures are bound by some Laws, but humans have free will and can do what they want. |
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| In Pico Della Mirandola's work "Oration of the Dignity of Man," Pico says that God created humans with the power of free will. This meant that God placed humans at the middle of the world, where they could observe anything in the world. Humans were not part of heaven or hell, and they could decide their own fates. People have the power to become brutish, or they have the power to use their judgment and be reborn and be divine. |
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| Adjusting the sizes of figures in a painting to give the viewer a feeling of continuity with the piece. |
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| In 14th century, he added a prologue to his book which credited Florentine artists. He said that it is these men who are responsible for returning to the study of nature as the source of art, which brought great fame to Florence. He compares the success of Florentine artists to those of ancients. This point of view stresses the departure from the immediate past and that of courageous experiment and exploration, a characteristic found in Florence. |
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| He won a competition for the commission of a cathedral dome that dominates Florence. He was thus introduced to the world as a scientist, inventor, and designer. He employed a system that suspended an interior shell from the exterior structure of ribs and concealed buttresses that originated in Roman and Gothis technology. He did not use an enormous amount of wooden centering. |
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| Leon Alberti's theory of architecture said that the planning of cities should be based on a rational analysis of problems, needs, site, and climate. The city would then inspire its citzens through order and control. Buildings were assigned ina hierarchy based on significance. At the top were churches, the ornaments of a city. Then were civic and mercantile buildings, and finally, private dwellings. He promoted public housing for lower classes and wanted city fathers to prevent conspicuous consumption. |
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| Ideological Impact of Linear Perspective |
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| Basically comparing societies to figures in a portrait. The farther away the object was, the older the society was. The closest figures were the current societies that were built off these older societies. |
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| He personified the Renaissance ideal of the universal person, one who is not only a jack-of-all-trades, but also a master of many. He disected corpses to study anatomy and was a self-taught botanist, in addition to being a military engineer and an advocate of scientific experimentation. He forsaw airplanes and submarines. As a painter, his great skill lay in conveying inner moods through complex facial features, such as in the Mona Lisa. |
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| "The prince of humanists," Desiderius was idealistic and pacifistic. He gained fame as both of an educational and a religious reformer. He aspired to unite the classical ideals of humanity and civic virtue with the Christian ideals of love and piety. He believed the best way to reform both individuals and society was to begin the study of the classics and the Bible at a young age. |
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| Germany was divided into around 65 imperial cities when the Reformation broke out. Each principality responded differently, some embracing it and some rejecting it. |
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| He received his master of arts degree in 1505 and registered with the law faculty but never went through with studying law. He experienced a lightening storm in which he cried out to Saint Anne that if he survived, he would promise to enter a monastry. He got his doctorate in theology and became a leader within the monastery. |
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