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| a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of Utopian socialism & the cooperative movement. Focused on the idea of social classes as a response to Capialism even tho he was a capitalism himself. |
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| the area where Robert Owens started up his idea of socialism. He was also the leader of this community. |
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| agricultural communities which consisted of a small # of people. Established in New Lanark. It was to help the lower class people |
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| the times when authoricity was challenged in Europe. the year that Karl Marx published the communist maniphesto where he proposed that a society w/o social class is better. This was also the important time when development of modern labor and idea of union labor. |
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| class struggle as the struggle and pitoval catalyst for ∆ of classes. Marx's idea that with every new mode of production and exchange comes a new class division. |
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| Modes of Production & Exchange |
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| the mode of production combines productive forces (labor & equipment) with relations of production (the sum of societies social relations that determine what and how much is produced" Marx argued that the current class division is between the capital-owning bourgeoisie vs wage-earning workers. |
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| Base is all material conditions related to the production & exchange (labor and machiner work). Super structure = idea used to justify and rationalize the base. For Marx, Superstructure is based on the idea of PRIVATE PROPERTY! |
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| Book written by Marx which he work'd on for 10 years. Focuses on the socialist philosophy of Modes of Production. Written while he was living in poverty. |
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| Dismantling the Sanctity of Private Property |
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Marx's believe that the capitalist's logic whose property is "hard-won, self acquired, self owned" is NOT true. He argued that capitalist got their wealth through exploitation of the labor workers.
Marx believed this was WRONG. He did not apply this logic to small property holders. |
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| Revolving Door of Wage Labor |
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| Living pay-check to pay-check. The money that the working class earned would eventually go back to the landlord (the rich). Essentially, the workers had little access to capital. |
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| Proletariat vs Bourgeoisie |
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| Proletariats = wage earners of society who are ill-treated and exploited by Bourgeoisie. The Bourgeoisie: the capital owning class. Marx believed that the capitalist came from xploitation of proletariats and somday prolets will rise against capitalists to correct this injustice. |
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| 19th century french philosopher who influenced Marx in Paris. Marx criticized utopian socialism economic argument of Prodhound and distinguishes Marxist through scientific socialism. |
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| True Value vs Surplus Value |
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| idea that the cost reflects the amount of labor and material costs. The concept of Surplus value is Marx idea that labor adds value to the commodities produced. Means: Labor = more pricey stuff. Marx believed that only capitalists profit from any transation and is the retention of al surplus value to oneself. |
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| the response of capitalist to decreasing supply of workers and the related wages incease. |
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| Gradual Demise of Capitalism |
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| Marx's assumption that as the standard of living increased, the poor will have fewer children. He thought that if the capitalists then shift to (expensive) labor-saving machines, rather than (profitably) exploiting workers, their profit margins would shrink leading to competition and company failure |
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| Cycle of Crisis & Renewal |
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| Crisis 1: business cycle (mislaw of accumulation). Buy more labor saving machines. Crisis 2: more expensive machines = fewer exploitable workers. Renewal #2: As a smaller business folds = more labos & cheap machinery because markets sell them more. |
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| "A world after it's own image" |
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| Noble cause of white man to spread his goods. Essentially spread a good image to less developed countries in the world such as Africa n shit. |
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| Colonies as "Proletariats" proletariat |
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| Proletariat = term to identify lower class (working class). There was an influx of raw materials, hence the colonies became the proletariats. Proletariats working for other proletariats. They did the work of the working class. |
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| wrote imperialism: a study. He studied the ideas of imperialism where he talks about an imperialist government which is a government that tries to gain new markets for exports, sources of inexpensive labor and raw materials. In other words, imperialism = idea that non-industrial countries provide cheap materials and 2. industrial countries provide them with manufactured goods. modern servies and amenities. |
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| Problem with Excess Savings |
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| hobsons argument that consumption unable to keep up with production and that the excess savings began to accumulate without a viable outlet. |
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| Outlet for Capital investment |
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| Hobson's theory that exporting british know-how and capital to foreign lands was the solution to such excess savings and a inactive domestic marketst. He claims this is is important for the development of competitive markets abroad. |
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| Imperialism as catalyst to world conflict |
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| hobsons thesis that imperialism lead to wars because some ppeople have "too much wealth" causing an imbalance in powers. Essentially leading to a war in Europe or what he said was "Warning in 1902". War that would result in continual capitalist competition and imperial expansion. |
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| Pressures of Competition for Post-1870 Britain |
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| a british investment and knowledge exported by the English. they ALLOWED developing economies to mature and turn into powerful competitors. Since britain had to rely on foreign export in order for it's industry to continue growing. This spread of industrialization was the natural outgrowth of the capital system. |
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| Protectionist Policies of US and Germany |
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| by the 1870's, the US was the only major economic paower that remained largely protetionist. According to Hobson, the potential motivation for doing so was to protect infant industries from foreign policy (mostly british) industrial supremacy. Despite these policies. The US still forced other countries (japan) to adopt free trade. |
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| The "white man's" burden. |
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| phrase coined in the famous 1899 Rudyard Kipling poem. Entailed the notion of a civilizing or cultural mission in foreign lands that many Europeans felt was worth sacrificing and dying for. |
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| Cecil Rhodes "bread and butter question" |
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| 19th century businessman and politician in South Africa. Imperialist. He belived Europeas had the right to settle in the world as a superior race. His beliefs echoed the widespread racial justification of imperialism at that time. |
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| belief that britain would unite the world because they were the best empire with a great colony at the time |
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| Thhe crisis was caused by the worldwide series of conflicts in the seven year war which caused England to pass a series of taxes ther were incredibly unpolular in the colonies. Probably cause of American Revolution. |
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| tax by the british in response to debts brought about by 7year war. Unlike the sugar and stamp act (other taxes) the tea act was never repealed and this famously resulted in Boston tea party. |
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| Adam used lockes social contract theory to justify the american revolution based on the colonist grievance with the quartering act of 1765 and "no taxation without representaion". |
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| Franklins defense of free trade |
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| franklin promoted free trade in the context of british trade restrictions in the colonial era. His view: trading privelages w/ England were once beneficial. (FREE TRADE WOULD SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS) |
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| a national assembly that functioned very much like parliament in britain. Consisted of three estates w/ equal voting power and can be called upon in times of distress. The summoning of the estates general in 1789 and it's unproportional representaion would lead to the french revolution |
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| a list of demands that each estates wanted. Clergy (monarchy). Nobles (paliamentary free market system) 3rd estate (egalitarian society - equal taxes and protection of law). Contribution to French Revolution. |
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| represents the absolute monarchy in France. |
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| was practiced in France as a centralized political power w/ power in the hand of a monarch and the aristocracy provides military and political support for the monarch. |
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| Glorious Revolution of 1689 |
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| the overtrhwo of the absoluce monarchy of king james II. it put william in place as king w/ limited power and ruled by the parliament. John Locke provides much of the theoretical justification for the glorious revolution. |
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| The English bill of rights |
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| the 2nd outcome of James absolutism. Enforces the rights of Parliament and that they have rights! It also gave citizens: trial by jury, freedom of speech, and is religious tolerance. |
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| Newtons Impact on the Enlightenment |
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| Enlightenment thinkers sought to discover natural laws that govern'd human society and dispel myths to create a more viable and legitimate society similar to how Newtons law of universal gravitaion and motion regulated the universe. |
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| 17th century English enlightenment philosopher who believed in Authoitarian power to maintain order and prevent chaotic existence of men (his language). His idea was later counter-argued by John Locke |
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| Hobbes argument that men are essentially born w/ equal strength and intelligence and that men put self-interest first. Thus, it is nature that man stay at constant war where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish & short." |
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| Three causes of Conflict. |
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| competition, diffidence (shyness due to lack of) & glory. "the 1st maketh men invade for gain; 2nd for safety, 3rd for reputation." |
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| Soverignty in Common power to fear |
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| you give up ur liberty including ability to get whatever you want and put that power in the source that gives you more securrty. |
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| book authored by Hobbes which supported the idea of a powerful soverignty who held absolute and and irrevocable power in order to keep order. idea of "common power to fear". |
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| Locke's belief that all ppl are born w/: liberty, reason and ability to punish transgressor. TO ensure protection (of property) he believed that people should show consideration and mutual respect. Conclude that this can be best done in a body politic (a government) |
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| Inconvenience of self-interest |
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| self-interest, partially, and human passions get in the way of reasons and put ur property @ risk. Locke's belief that power should NOT be put on the hand of ONE man as human self interest and partiality is WORSE than state of nature. |
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| Sovereignty in Common wealth |
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| elected body of legislators and judges who can safeguard the interests of citizens with properties. [keyword = elected body] |
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| Interest of Propertied class |
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| only those that have properties at stake will work hard to protect them. |
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| Rousseau believed that in order for a social contract to be formed, two things were necessary: people to agree to form a collectice community and that a people chose a representative gov't based on majority rule. |
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| Rousseau (state of nature) |
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| "man is born free and everywhere he is in chains" these "chains" are the constraints placed on the people of citizens in modern states. In the state of nature, we enjoy the physical freedom of citizens in modern states. By giving up your physicsl freedom, however, we gain civil freedom of being able to think rationally. We can put a check on our impulses and desires and thus learn to think morally. |
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| Rousseau suggests that ownership of land is only legitimate if no one else claims that land. In the social contract, each individual surrenders all his property along with himself to the soverign and the general will. in doing so, he does not give up his proerty since he is also a subject of sovereign. |
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| For Rousseau, slavery is a perversion of nature. It is a product of War which is unnatural. War itself is illegitimate and fought over possession (Slavery as a byproduct of war is also invalid and illegitimate). |
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