Term
| UPPER TRAPEZIUS/LEVATOR SCAPULAE |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint adducted (arms by side)
• Palpation: Upper trapezius
• Joint Motion: Shoulder Elevation (Ask client to shrug shoulders towards the ceiling)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to shrug shoulders halfway and then push down/apply pressure on top of shoulders as the clients pushes up (resists)
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Lying supine (on back), GH joint adducted (arms by side)
• Palpation: Upper trapezius
• Joint Motion: Shoulder Elevation (Ask client to shrug shoulders towards the wall behind them) |
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Term
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Lying prone, GH joint abducted to approx 90 and laterally/externally rotated (arm by raised in the frontal plane, fingers pointing down)
• Palpation: Middle Trapezius
• Joint Motion: Scapular Adduction/Retraction (lift elbow towards the ceiling)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to lift elbow halfway and apply pressure on the verterbral border of the scapula, not on the humerus
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint elevated in scapular plane to approx. 90 and laterally rotated (arm rests on the table with elbow bent and palm down fingers pointing towards the wall in front)
• Palpation: Middle trapezius
• Joint Motion: Scapular Adduction (move elbow towards the wall behind them) |
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Term
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Lying prone, GH joint abducted to approx. 140 (arm is out in front)
• Palpation: Lower Trapezius
• Joint Motion: Scapular Depression (with arm raised reach for their opposite hip with the shoulder)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to go halfway and apply resistance at the inferior angle and go in a superior direction
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Lying prone, GH joint adducted fully (both arms by their side, palms facing up)
• Palpation: Lower Trapezius
• Joint Motion: Scapular Depression (reach towards the feet) |
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Term
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Lying prone, GH joint abducted to approx 90 and medially (internally) rotated (arm behind back with palm facing up)
• Palpation: Rhomboid Major
• Joint Motion: Scapular Adduction, downward rotation (Lift hand towards the ceiling)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to go halfway and apply resistance at the inferior angle ina lateral and superior direction
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint abducted to approx 90 and medially (internally) rotated (arm behind back with palm facing up)
• Palpation: Rhomboids
• Joint Motion: Scapular adduction, downward rotation (reach hand towards the ceiling behind them) |
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Term
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Lying supine with GH joint flexed to 90 (arm raised in front of body towards the ceiling)
• Palpation: Serratus Anterior (upper rib cage, right underneath the armpit)
• Joint Motion: Scapular upward rotation (lift arm towards the ceiling)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to go halfway, stabilize the forearm and apply resistance on the arm by pushing downward as they push upward.
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint flexed to 90 (arm raised in front of body towards the wall in front)
o Sit on table and arm resting in examiner’s hand
o Sit on chair next to table with arm resting on the table (minimize friction by placing a towel or pillow case with a plastic bag underneath)
• Palpation: Serratus Anterior
• Joint Motion: Scapular upward rotation (reach towards wall in front) |
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Term
| ANTERIOR DELTOID & CORACOBRACHIALIS |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint adducted (arms by side)
• Palpation: Anterior Deltoid
• Joint Motion: GH Flexion (raise arm in front towards the ceiling)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to go halfway, stabilize shoulder and apply resistance on the distal side of humerus
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Side-lying, GH joint adducted
• Palpation: Anterior Deltoid
• Joint Motion: GH flexion (lift arm in front towards wall in front) |
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Term
| MIDDLE DELTOID & SUPRASPINATUS |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint adducted
• Palpation: Middle Deltoid
• Joint Motion: GH abduction (raise arm on the side of body and get as close to ears if possible)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to go halfway, stablize shoulder, apply resistance on distal part of humerus
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Supine, GH joint adducted
• Palpation: Middle Deltoid
• Joint Motion: GH abduction (raise arm on the side of body and get as close to ears if possible) |
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Term
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Prone, GH joint abducted to 90, elbow flexed (arm by raised in the frontal plane, elbow flexed, fingers pointing down)
• Palpation: Posterior Deltoid
• Joint Motion: GH horizontal abduction (raise elbow towards the ceiling above)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to go halfway, stabilize shoulder and apply resistance on the distal part of the humerus
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint abducted to 90, elbow flexed (arm rests on the table with elbow flexed and palm down fingers pointing towards the wall in front
• Palpation: Posterior Deltoid
• Joint Motion: GH horizontal abduction (move elbow towards the wall behind the client) |
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Term
| PECTORALIS MAJOR, STERNAL HEAD |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: supine, start with patient in 120 and arm out to the side
• Palpation: pectoralis major (sternal head)
• Joint Motion: GH horizontal adduction (Ask the client to bring their arm across the body towards the opposite hip)
• Apply Resistance: ask the client to go halfway, stabilize humerus and apply resistance (pull arm towards you as they go the opposite way)
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH adducted to 120
• Palpation: pectoralis major (sternal head)
• Joint Motion: GH horizontal adduction (arm out to the side and reach arm across the body to the opposite hip) |
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Term
| SUBSCAPULARIS (PECTORALIS MAJOR, LATTISIMUS DORSI, TERES MAJOR) |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: prone, GH joint abducted to 90, elbow flexed (make sure you place towel underneath arm)
• Palpation: Teres major
• Joint Motion: GH internal rotation (bring your arm towards the back)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to go halfway, stabilize the humerus and apply resistance to the forearm
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint adducted, elbow flexed in neutral position
• Palpation: Teres Major
• Joint Motion: GH internal rotation (ask the client to bring their arm from neutral position towards the stomach) |
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Term
| INFRASPINATUS & TERES MAJOR |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: prone, GH joint abducted to 90, elbow flexed (make sure you place towel underneath armpit)
• Palpation: Teres minor
• Joint Motion: GH external rotation (bring arm towards the ceiling)
• Apply Resistance: Ask the client to go halfway, stabilize the humerus and apply resistance to the forearm
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting, GH joint adducted, elbow flexed in neutral position
• Palpation: Teres Minor
• Joint Motion: GH external rotation (ask the client to bring their arm from the neutral position towards the back stabilizing their elbow and forearm) |
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Term
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Supine, shoulder flexed to 90, elbow maximally flexed, humerus supported, forearm perpendicular to floor
• Palpation: Triceps
• Joint Motion: Elbow extension (move forearm towards the ceiling until arm is straight)
• Apply Resistance: with the elbow flexed, stabilize the shoulder and apply pressure to the forearm
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting at table with shoulder abducted and elbow flexed with arm resting on table.
• Palpation: Triceps
• Joint Motion: Elbow extension (Ask the client to bring their arm towards the back until their elbow is straight) |
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Term
| BICEPS BRACHII, BRACHIALIS & BRACHIORADIALIS |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Sitting, elbow extended by the side and forearm supinated
• Palpation: Biceps Brachii
• Joint Motion: Elbow flexion (bring band towards the shoulder)
• Apply Resistance: Stabilize humerus and apply pressure to the distal forearm and not the hand
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: 1) supine, arm abducted and externally rotated 2) Sitting, at edge of table, with shoulder abducted to 90, arm resting on table with elbow extended
• Palpation: Biceps brachii
• Joint Motion: Elbow Flexion 1) bring palm towards the head/shoulder 2) bring palm towards the body |
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Term
| BICEPS BRACHII & SUPINATOR |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Sitting, shoulder adducted, elbow flexed and forearm pronated
• Palpation: Supinator (by medial epicondyle)
• Joint Motion: Forearm supination (turn palm, so it is facing up)
• Apply Resistance: Stabilize humerus, forearm neutral, apply pressure to prevent the forearm from palm facing up (make sure you are using your thumb to apply the resistance)
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting with elbow resting on table (client facing the table); palm facing away from the client
• Palpation: Supinator (by medial epicondyle)
• Joint Motion: Forearm supination (turn palm, so it is facing the client) |
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Term
| PRONATOR TERES & PRONATOR QUADRATUS |
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Definition
Against Gravity:
• Start Position: Sitting, shoulder adducted, elbow flexed and forearm supinated
• Palpation: Pronator Teres (by lateral epicodyle)
• Joint Motion: Forearm pronation (turn palm, so it is facing down)
• Apply Resistance: Stabilize humerus, forearm neutral, apply pressure to prevent the forearm from palm facing down (make sure you are using your thumb to apply the resistance)
Gravity minimized:
• Start Position: Sitting with elbow resting on table (client facing the table); palm facing the client
• Palpation: Pronator Teres (by lateral epicodyle)
• Joint Motion: Forearm pronation (turn palm, so it is facing away from the client) |
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Term
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Definition
Active:
• Position: Sitting, arms by side and feet supported with a stool
• Motion: raise arm on the side of the body towards the ceiling
Passive:
• Position: supine, arms by side, further away from the side of the table, so the shoulder joint is supported
• Motion: raise arm on side of the body reaching for the wall behind them
Axis: Anterior Posterior (in front of body)
Stationary Arm: parallel to the sternum
Moveable Arm: align with the humerus
Normal ROM: 0-180 |
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Term
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Definition
Active:
• Position: Sitting, arms by side and feet supported with a stool
• Motion: raise arm in front of body with the thumb leading towards the ceiling
Passive:
• Position: supine, arms by side
• Motion: raise arm in front of the body towards the back (wall behind them)
Axis: medial-lateral (on side of the arm)
Stationary Arm: parallel to the middle of the side of the body (midaxillary line of the thorax)
Moveable Arm: align with the humerus
Normal ROM: 0-180 |
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Term
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Definition
Active:
• Position: Sitting, arms by side and feet supported with a stool
• Motion: bring arm towards the back
Passive:
• Position: side lying, arm by side
• Motion: bring arm towards the back (make sure shoulder doesn’t externally rotate)
Axis: medial-lateral
Stationary Arm: parallel to the middle of the side of the body (midaxillary line of the thorax)
Moveable Arm: align with humerus
Normal ROM: 0-50 |
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Term
| Shoulder External Rotation |
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Definition
Active:
• Position: prone, shoulder abducted, elbow flexed, palm facing down (put towel underneath the arm)
• Motion: bring palm towards the ceiling
Passive:
• Position: supine, shoulder abducted, elbow flexed
• Motion: bring palm back towards the floor
Axis: Anterior-Posterior
Stationary Arm: perpendicular or parallel with the floor
Moveable Arm: aligned with the ulna
Normal ROM: |
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Term
| Shoulder Internal Rotation |
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Definition
Active:
• Position: prone, shoulder abducted, elbow flexed, palm facing down (put towel underneath the arm)
• Motion: bring palm towards the back
Passive:
• Position: supine, shoulder abducted, elbow flexed
• Motion: bring palm towards the floor
Axis: Anterior-Posterior
Stationary Arm: perpendicular or parallel with the floor
Moveable Arm: aligned with the ulna
Normal ROM: |
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Term
| Shoulder Horizontal Abduction |
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Definition
Active:
• Position: sitting, shoulder flexed to 90
• Motion: bring arm away from the body towards the wall behind them
Passive:
• Position: sitting next to the table, shoulder flexed to 90, arm resting on table
• Motion: bring arm away from the body towards the wall behind them
Axis: vertical (fall on top of acromion)
Stationary Arm: aligned with the clavicle (bend goniometer by the neck)
Moveable Arm: aligned with the humerus
Normal ROM: 0-90 (with arm starting at 90) |
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Term
| Shoulder Horizontal Adduction |
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Definition
Active:
• Position: sitting, shoulder flexed to 90
• Motion: bring arm towards the body
Passive:
• Position: sitting next to the table, shoulder abducted to 90, arm resting on table
• Motion: bring arm towards the body
Axis: vertical (fall on top of acromion)
Stationary Arm: aligned with the clavicle (bend goniometer by the neck)
Moveable Arm: aligned with the humerus
Normal ROM: 0-90 (with arm starting at 90) |
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Term
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Definition
Active:
• Position: sitting, shoulder adducted, forearm supinated
• Motion: raise hand towards shoulder
Passive: same as active, but bring the client through the motion
Axis: medial-lateral
Stationary Arm: aligned with humerus
Moveable Arm: aligned with radius
Normal ROM: 0-180 |
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Term
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Definition
Active:
Pencil in hand technique
• Position: sitting, humerus adducted, forearm neutral with pencil held in the hand (make sure the pencil isn’t held too tight, so the pencil remains vertical)
• Motion: turn palm towards the ceiling, so palm is facing up
Without pencil
• Position: sitting, humerus adducted, forearm neutral, hand open
• Motion: turn palm towards the ceiling, so palm is facing up
Passive: same as active, but bring the client through the motion
Axis: 3rd metacarpal bone
Stationary Arm: aligned with humerus
Moveable Arm: aligned with pencil (aligned with the flattest part of the forearm)
Normal ROM: 0-90 |
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Term
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Definition
Active:
Pencil in hand technique
• Position: sitting, humerus adducted, forearm neutral with pencil held in the hand (make sure the pencil isn’t held too tight, so the pencil remains vertical)
• Motion: turn palm towards the floor, so palm is facing the floor
Without pencil
• Position: sitting, humerus adducted, forearm neutral, hand open
• Motion: turn palm towards the floor, so palm is facing down
Passive: same as active, but bring the client through the motion
Axis: 3rd metacarpal bone
Stationary Arm: aligned with humerus
Moveable Arm: aligned with pencil (aligned with the flattest part of the dorsum of the hand)
Normal ROM: 0-90 |
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