Colonization of bacterial cells and host cells at a localized site

Adided by factors that are specific to cells of certain tissues: most epithelial

Entry of the pathogen through the epithelium

Usually occurs through breaks or lesions of the mucosa or skin

A measure of the ability of an organism to cause disease

Usually determined in animal models

A pathogen-produced substance that promotes the establishment and maintenance of disease

Usually a protein, enzyme, adherence factor, or toxin

Breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue

Enzyme that aid invasion/protect bacteria from the immune system

Breaks down collagen in connective tissue

Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system

Works by causing blood to clot

Prevents access by host immune cells

Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from the immune system

Destroys fibrin of blood clots

Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system

Breaks down host cell membrane

Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system

Lysis of red blood cells

Also lyse other cell types

Proteins bind to host cell membrane creating a two-way pore

Host cell dies due to loss of cell contents and loss of proton gradient

Bacterially-produced toxins (proteins or enzymes) that are released from the bacterial cell into the surrounding environment

AKA extracellular toxins

Consist of 2 subunits

B binds to host surface

A crosses into cell

Treatment of Clostridium botulinum: blocks ACh release resulting in flaccid paralysis

Assay for endotoxins

Blood cells are extremely sensitive to endotoxins which cause cells to lyse

Occurs from a single source

Food/Water

Deaths due to disease

Total Population of Individuals

Incidence of a disease (fatal/non-fatal)

Total population of Individuals

Places or populations where infectious disease is maintained between outbreaks

Can be inanimate or a living organism

Basic Reproductive Number/Rate

Number of infected individuals that one infected individual generates

Live agents of transmission

Insects, rodents, ticks, fleas, etc

Transmission by inanimate, contaminated objects

Ex: toys, bedding, etc

Transmission by nonliving source of pathogens that infect many individuals

Most often food or water

First occurrence of a disease in a population

Person having first case also known as "patient zero"

Hypersensitivity immune response forms around infection sites creating nodules

Englocsed formation of pus-fluid exudate

Acne

An organism that is pathogenic only under certain conditions, but nonpathogenic under normal conditions

A usually harmless microorganism that becomes pathogenic under favorable conditions; often a member of the normal microbial flora

Organism that harbors or nourishes the other organism (parasite)

Humans are accidental hosts in a zoonotic disease

Generally Recognized as Safe chemical preservatives by the FDA

Don't cause any notable effects on food

Most all bacteria killed, spres are not killed, requires 50,000-100,000 lbs/sq. in

AKA "Cold Pasteurization"

Shiga-like toxin

Toxin generated by some strains of E. coli

Results in intestinal hemorrhaging and kidney failure

Gram (-) non-sporulating facultative anaerobic rods from the intestine of warm-blooded

Currently most common method of testing for water safety

Non-specific

Involves mechanism that work against all potential microbial pathogens

Does NOT rely on previous exposure to a pathogen

Specific or acquired

The ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens or their toxic products that results from prior exposure to that pathogen

T-cell single specific antigen binds here

Vaccination produces a response that provides immunity

For some cases, additional subsequent booster vaccinations provide for longer immunity

Presence of abnormal pathogens in urine

Disk diffusion assay

Pure culture spread on plate

Disks containing different anitbiotics are place on plate

A single antibody-producing B-cell fused with an immortal cell line

Produces a single antibody

Agglutination in blood typing

Uses antigens that are attached to large particles or whole cells to produce visible clumping and aggregation