Term
| How was the Ottoman Empire different from any other Muslim State? |
|
Definition
-Added New European Lands
-Extended rule to Arab Lands where Islam originated
-Developed Administrative Institutions that shaped the people of the modern middle east
-Both a European and Muslim power which incorporated external influences into their government, society, economics, and military
-Continuous link between the 16th to 20th centuries |
|
|
Term
| What were the origins of the Ottoman State? |
|
Definition
-Empire started as one of the small anatolian principalities that came in the wake of the Mongol Invasion in the 13th century
-Islamic warrior states that engaged Christian Byzantium with the motive of religious and material gain
-Tradition of Gaza
-Osman achieved a series of military successes against the Byzantine Forces
-Attracted other chieftains to join Osman, which created more power
-Expanded domain into northwestern Anatolia
-Orhons principality made transition from frontier state to established state (making currency, constructing mosques)
-Subject came to be known by family name (Osmanlis/Ottoman) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| War against non muslims to expand domain of Islam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chieftain of a warrior tribe that achieved success against byzantine forces. Eventually led to the creation of the Ottoman State |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Son of Osman, established a developed Ottoman State |
|
|
Term
| What can serve to Illustrate the transformation of the Ottoman State into a world power? |
|
Definition
Conquest of Constantinople (1453)
Conquest of Arab Lands (1516)
European conquests by Suleyman (1520-1566) |
|
|
Term
| Conquest of Constantinople |
|
Definition
1453
Done by Sultan Mehmet II
Became known as Istanbul
Became the head city of the Ottoman Government
People were encouraged and forced to move into Istanbul in order to revive the city
Istanbul grew to 700,000 people, becoming the largest city in Europe
Immense wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1516
Became the supreme rulers of the Islamic Community
Official Protectors of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, as well as the Hajj |
|
|
Term
| Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent |
|
Definition
1520-1566
Led the successful European Campaigns that added Hungary, Belgrade and Budapest into Ottoman Territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1520-1566
Goal was to expand the Ottoman borders as deep as possible into Europe
Capture of Belgrade, Budapest and Hungary in 1520
1529 Military Blockade of Vienna. Almost gained control of it |
|
|
Term
| What were the reasons for the Ottomans success and the principles that shaped state and society? |
|
Definition
-Official recognition that diversity of territories required adoption of flexible administrative practices that curtailed to the needs of different religions and cultures
-Superior Military technology: Succesful navy, improvements in the land army made it the most formidable force in the 16th and 17th century |
|
|
Term
| 4 Principles that shaped state and Society were: |
|
Definition
1. Tradition of Gaza
2. Legacy of urban Islamic civilization
3. Local Custom
4.Division of society and rulers and ruled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Court system where the monarch served as parton of scholars
Belief that responsibility to enforce and institute the laws and values of Islam falls to the ruler
Protectors of the universal Islamic Community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provinces
If taxes were being payed and the province was stable, the Government tolerated the existence of local practices
Ottomans were more interested in efficiency rather than uniformity |
|
|
Term
| Division of society into rulers and ruled |
|
Definition
| difference between Reaya and the Askeris/Ulama |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Members of the flock
Christians, Muslims, and Jews who were shorn (taxed) to support the state and the professional Ottoman class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ottoman Military Elite
Some Askeris were high ranking civilians
Tax Free |
|
|
Term
| What were the 3 Major groups of the Ottoman Ruling Elite? |
|
Definition
Military
Civil Service
Ulama |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slave Army
Known for discipline, moral and professionalism.
Paid regular salaries and were expected to be prepared for military duty at any time
Not allowed to marry or trade
Served as policemen, palace guards, and firefighters during peacetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Free-born muslims
Didnt have a regular salary, but rather got income from agriculture land called Timars
Each Sipahi was granted a timar from where he collected taxes
Supposed to maintain order in the Timar, and report for military service when called upon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elaborate Bureaucracy
Kept detailed records of almost everything
Most Managers and directors were drawn from the devshirme
Crucial to the efficient functioning of the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Systematic collection of non-Muslim children on rural christian populations of the Balkans
Every 3-4 years 300 to 1000 healthy boys were taken by force to Turkey, converted to Islam and educated for military or religious disciplines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Religious Establishment
Respected societal place in the Empire
Official chief of religion known as Shayk'al-Islam who oversaw appointments of qadis (judges) and madrasah (teachers)
If the sultans opinion contradicted that of the Shayk'al-Islams, then the Sultan has the final decision |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Napoleonic Wars on the Ottoman Empire and Europe |
|
Definition
When Napoleonic Wars ended, merchants and their goods had leisure to move around more freely because of an ended war
Trains made transportation of goods easier
With investments made, Europe had enough capital to fund military technologies and logistical strategies |
|
|
Term
| Where were a majority of commodities produced from after the Napoleonic Wars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the Major Developments in Europe in the post-napoleonic wars era? |
|
Definition
Dramatic increase in population
Increase in the amount of raw materials needed for factories
Europe extended its influence and power around the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1839-1876
Reformers were civilian, Europeanized Ottoman Bureaucrats,
served as ambassadors, ministers, and grand vizirs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1800-1858
Ambassador in Paris and London
Become minister of foreign affairs and grand vizer during reign of Mahmud II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1815-1871
Translator when 18
Ambassador in London at 26
Returned five years later to Istanbul and became minister of foreign affairs and grand vizer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1815-1869
Began education at military medical school
Transferred to translation office
Became minister of foreign affairs.
Most europeanized of the reformers and was fully fluent in french |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
To secure loyalty of christian subjects during time of growing nationalism
Tried to break down religious and cultural autonomy of the millets and create a common Ottoman Citizenship
Sultans pledge to extend reforms to all ottoman subjects, regardless of religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A non-Muslim group or community in the Ottoman Empire organized under its own religious head, who also exercised important civil functions.
Not equal to Muslims |
|
|
Term
| Civil Service School (1859) & Imperial Ottoman Lycée at Glatasarary (1868) |
|
Definition
| Formation of Ottoman Political and Administrative Elite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1847
Attached to State and not to Ulama
Beginning of separation between religion and education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adopted Model of french civil codes
Completed in 1876
Strong characteristic of 19th century Ottoman Reform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secular courts created to deal with cases involving muslims and non-muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formed in 1865
Group of intellectuals and bureaucrats serving as opposition to the Tanzimat
Reform should come from below and not above
Development of democratic government
Democratic form is the islamic tradition of consultation
Elaborated Patriotism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1854-1856
Russian attempt to gain direct authority over Orthodox Christian subjects of the Ottoman Empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1856
Respect territorial integrity of Ottoman Empire
Late, as the principalities were on the way to being one independent unified Romanian State |
|
|
Term
| Russian Declaration of War |
|
Definition
1877
Russian Army beats Ottoman Army
Captured Adrianople and imposed a harsh treaty on Ottoman Empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Started by Ahmmad Urabi
Became political and military leader for Egypt
Recognized as threat by the british and defeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Officer of Peasant origin, against law stating european soldiers could not be promoted from peasant origin
Gained support from the Fellahim
Became leader of Egypt, but then defeated and killed by Britian/Egypt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of Ottoman Superiority |
|
Definition
Penetration of european merchant capital into the empire, dislocating the Ottoman Economy
Rule of incompetent Sultans
Presence of struggles over succession
Rise of political discord within the court
Weakened effectiveness of central government
Caused bribary and corruption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scholar and teacher
'Arabic Thought in the liberal age'
Deep appreciation of intellectual traditions of the Middle East and the West
Established Modern Middle East as a subject |
|
|
Term
| Relations between Muslim world and Europe |
|
Definition
| By 18th century Muslim kingdoms were in decline and European powers were in an incline, expansion of goods, ideas, and power which eventually led to a revival in the strength of arab societies |
|
|
