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| experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism, |
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| experiment performed not in a living organism but in a controlled environment such as a petri dish |
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| means to examine the phenomenon exactly in place where it occurs, (i.e. without moving it to some special medium.) |
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| in chemistry it is a portion of a total amount of a solution. |
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| the liquid which is produced by filtering a suspension of a solid |
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| the liquid which is produced by filtering a suspension of a solid |
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| are concepts relating to the uniformity or lack thereof in a substance. A material that is homogeneous in uniform in composition or character. |
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| - greek meaning is proceeding from within- in biology theses are substances that originate from within an organism tissue or cell. In some biological systems this refers to the recipient of DNA |
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| “proceeds from without”- refers to an action or object coming from outside a system |
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| in coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand’s electron pairs. Ligands are viewed as Lewis Bases. |
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| in cell biology, a constitutively active protein is a protein whose activity is constant and active. In genetics constitutive refers to a gene product made all the time. I.E. In the absence of the activator or the repressor, RNA Polymerase transcribes the gene consitutively |
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| means random. A stochastic process is one whose behavior is non deterministic, in that a system’s subsequent state is determined both by the process’s predictable actions and by a random element |
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| (of a biological system) is an alteration of function, induced by external or external mechanisms. Examples of perturbation include environmental stimuli (temp. changes, osmotic shock, pressure changes) small molecules that affect different biological pathways (drugs, toxins) manipulation of gene function (gene knockout or RNA interference) |
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| the state or quality of an item that stands out relative to a neighboring items, also means salty. |
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| refers to the experience based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery. Heuristic methods are used to speed up the process of finding a good enough solution, where an exhaustive search is impractical. Example of this in cell biology is comparing DNA of known viruses and bacteria to new viruses so as to and applying similar medicine. |
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| is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature |
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| is a measure of radioactivity. It is the number of atoms in a given quantity of radioactive material that are detected to have decayed in one minute. |
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| is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it. In most common usage, the amount being scaled is 10 and the scale is the (base 10) exponent being applied to this amount. |
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| these are controls that confirm that the procedure is not observing an unrelated effect. This is known to give a negative result. |
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| the gradual loss in intensity of any kind of flux through a medium. |
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| a structural change in macromolecules caused by extreme conditions such as heating or adding urea to a protein |
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| a procedure in molecular biology for testing or measuring the activity of a drug or biochemical in an organism or organic sample. May also measure the amount of a substance in a sample. Examples are DNA footprinting. |
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| two or more agents working together to produce a result not obtainable by any of the agent independently |
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| How did the transformation experiments of Griffith differ from those of Avery and his associates? |
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| -Griffith's experiment demonstrated that transformation occurred, but gave no molecular basis for the phenomenon. Avery's demonstrated that DNA was the molecule behind transformation. |
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| is an enzyme that breaks down protein |
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| (ribonuclease) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components. |
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| Explain the central dogma of molecular biology? |
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| This describes the general flow of biological information from DNA to DNA (replication), DNA to mRNA (transcription), and finally mRNA to proteins (translation |
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| Deoxyribonuclease- any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone. |
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| What did Hershey and Chase do? |
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| Conducted an experiment where they used the T2 phage, labeled the phages with radioactive phosphorus and radioactive sulfur, and tested to see if it was the DNA or protein that served as the biological information. If their experiment would have found large quantities of sulfur, they could have deduced that protein was the bio. info supplier. |
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| Describe the three parts of a nucleotide and then link them together. |
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| What atoms are removed from the structures when the linkages are formed in a nucleotide? |
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| List three main differences between DNA and RNA |
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1. RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine
2. DNA contains one less oxygen, RNA has an extra oxygen (ribose sugar)
3. unlike DNA most RNA molecules are single stranded. |
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| How do covalent bonds differ from hydrogen bonds? |
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A covalent bond is a relatively strong bond which involves the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms.
Hydrogen bonds, much weaker than covalent bonds are formed as a result of "the electrostatic attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and an atom with an unshared electron pair. The hydrogen atom assumes a partial positive charge, while the unshared electron pair, characteristic of covalently bonded oxygen and nitrogen atoms, assumes a partial negative charge These opposite charges are responsible for the weak chemical attraction. |
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| What are the three types of RNA molecules? Describe their function |
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Ribosomal RNA- rRNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes which function to align mRNA and charged tRNA molecules during translation.
Messenger RNA-the genetic code in DNA is transfered to the site of protein synthesis by a relatively short lived molecule called mRNA. In eukaryotes, mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It is the sequence of bases in mRNA which specifies the order of amino acids in proteins.
Transfer RNA- are involved in protein synthesis in that they represent a "link" between the codes in DNA (as reflected in mRNA) and the ordering of amino acids in proteins. Transfer RNAs are specific in that each species is attached to only one type of amino acid. |
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| What is a pulse chase experiment? What does it measure |
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| A labeled compound (radioactive) is exposed to a group of cells, the compound then goes through the metabolic pathways. They can study movement of molecules this way. |
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