Term
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Definition
| Thinking about thinking, own awareness of our thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
assessment of mental processes
Some students are great monitors
Other improved across the semester
It’s important to know what you do or don’t know! |
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Term
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Definition
| decision or action based on monitoring results |
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Term
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Definition
PSY100 study and test performance prediction
Poorest grades had worse predictions, most overconfident
Self-monitoring
Just remember the study, easy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A witness claims she knew and studied the assailants face, but DNA proved it was someone else |
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Term
| Eyewitness testimony factors that affect accuracy |
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Definition
estimator variables
misinformation
system variables
types of line ups |
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Term
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Definition
not under control of the justice system (e.g., race of witness)
Variables:
Characteristics of the witness
Characteristics of the event
Information given after the event |
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Term
Misinformation
length of time
source monitoring issues |
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Definition
Misinformation- Ss watch a film on traffic safety that contained an accident, wording of questions affected response.
Length of time: Source monitoring more difficult
Source monitoring issues: subtle questions can effect ‘knowledge’, larger effects |
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Term
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Definition
Line-up instructions
Line-up content
Culprit Absent Line-ups
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Term
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Definition
Simultaneous - see all suspects at once when making decision
Sequential- views suspects one-at-a-time |
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Term
| Rational vs. non-rational decisions |
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Definition
| We are not rational decision makers, we are effected by non-rational factors. |
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Term
| Factors that affect decisions |
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Definition
bad options
choosing vs. rejecting |
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Term
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Definition
Decision making should not be influenced by whether you choose or reject.
Research suggests we focus on different features when choosing or rejecting
Choosing: focus on positive features
Rejecting: focus on negative features |
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Term
| Representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| Judge likelihood something belongs to a category based on how much it resembles your idea of the category |
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Term
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Definition
| Mistake of assuming conjunction more likely than single event |
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Term
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Definition
How common two categories are OR
how often something occurs
forgotten about in representativeness heuristic |
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Term
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Definition
| Estimates of how often/frequently events have happened in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
Use ease of retrieving examples from memory to estimate frequency
Easier to retrieve = more probable the event |
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Term
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Definition
| recent events judged as more frequent than they are |
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Term
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Definition
amount of exposure may distort judgments of frequency
ex. doctors expect rarer diagnosis |
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Term
| Anchoring & Adjustment in decision-making |
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Definition
-Take initial estimate (the anchor) and adjust it to fit additional info
-we don’t adjust enough |
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Term
| problem solving and influence |
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Definition
determining what follows from a set of “given” claims or assertions (predicting)
heuristics |
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Term
| How are we not logical problem-solvers? |
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Definition
Effects of problem content
funtional fixedness |
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Term
| Mental/Problem Solving Sets |
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Definition
Tend to think of problems in similar or typical ways even if better solution is available
Don’t usually adapt strategies once we find one that works |
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Term
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Definition
| Have a goal, but no clear statement as to how to achieve goal |
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Term
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Definition
| Clearly defined initial state, goal state, & operators/constraints |
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Term
| Lots of things influence problem solving beyond basic logic |
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Definition
Problem content
Problem definition
Prior experience/knowledge |
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Term
| biological components in drug use |
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Definition
mood temperament (people who abuse ar eon the lower end of the
continuum),
activity temperament (think about ADHD kids),
and novelty seeking temperament. |
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Term
| learned components in drug use |
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Definition
children with certain temperaments use drugs in dealing with emotions.
As children get older, these differences increase (Remember back to multiplier effect?),
they also tend to have less family support |
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Term
| cognitivecomponents in drug use |
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Definition
| self control which is a developmental construct |
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Term
Olds and Milner
studied what?
findings?
implications of those findings? |
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Definition
Reward and fear pathways
Electrodes in 15 male rats
Skinner box with a lever to stimulate a part of their brain
Measured proportion of time the rats would self stimulate
How often do they press the lever?
Findings: They spent majority of their time pressing the lever
Ignored hunger and thirst |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the role of the reward system |
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Definition
activated when taking risks wile exercising control
encourage ancestors to things like hunt
important for learning behaviors to survive
makes us adaptive and eat, makes us creatures of habit so we live |
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Term
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Definition
Maintains critical body functions within a fixed range
individual differences |
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Term
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Definition
Behavior required to meet the basic needs of the animal
Controlled by homeostatic mechanism |
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Term
reward pathway 1
region
process |
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Definition
Mesocortica- connects the mesencephelon with the cortex (frontal lobes)
Higher-order cognitive functions such as decision making and problem solving are in the cortex |
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Term
reward pathway 2
region
process |
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Definition
Mesolimbic- connects mesencephelon with the limbic system (emotions).
Amygdala plays important role in emotions. It receives input from all senses, and other systems and integrates it. |
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Term
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Definition
Substance that enhances the function of a synapse
Heroin: activation of dopaminergic system |
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Term
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Definition
Substances that blocks the function of a synapse
Cocaine is to block the transporter of A back into the cell for reuse- mean it’s left in the synapse (Pre-synaptic action)
Marijuana
LSD |
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Term
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Definition
blocks receptors of dopamine and norepinephrine.
The dopamine activates the self-reward system and that makes the euphoria.
No tolerance and no withdrawal symptoms but habit forming. |
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Term
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Definition
| dopamine and anandamide blocks reuptake of dopamine.Possibly serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| depresses serotonin neurons. This affects the visual and limbic systems. |
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Term
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Definition
The sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts.
Pain sometimes occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs, antidepressants, spinal cord stimulation, electrical stimulator implanted under the skin, vibration therapy, acupuncture, hypnosis, massage, etc. Mirror Box |
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Term
| neural explanation of phantom limb |
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Definition
Cortical area depends on the importance of Somatosensory input from that area
Somatosensory area adjacent to the amputated limb takes over
Stimulation of body part (represented in adjacent somatosensory cortex) may elicit a sensation in the missing limb. |
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Term
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Definition
| An otherwise blind individual can make crude but accurate visual judgments |
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Term
| Blindsight neural explanation? |
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Definition
Dual stream theory: Info to visual cortex
Geniculostriate pathway: Retina, LGN, V1, and on.
Colliculus pathway: Retina, superior Colliculus, pulvinar, posterior parietal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
A condition, which usually results from brain damage that causes an individual to neglect or ignore a region of visual field
Such neglect is typically unnoticed by the patient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| capgras delusion and cause |
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Definition
A rare condition in which a patient believes that familiar individuals are imposters: look-alike individuals (doubles) that are NOT the people they resemble
brain injury |
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Term
| parkinson's disease brain area |
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Definition
| Degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra= decreased dopamine |
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Term
| brain regions that are shared between Tourette’s and Parkinon’s |
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Definition
Basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Globus Pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
Basal Ganglia
-Small BG in TS
-Organizes motor behavior
Prefontal cortex
-PFC & better tic control |
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Term
| treatments for Parkinson’s disease |
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Definition
Medication: levodopa
-L-dopa converted to dopamine
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
-Pacemaker
-Stimulation -> brain and rebalance
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Term
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Definition
Loss of control of movement and tremor
Change in gait
Fist clenching
Tremor
Rigidity
Stooped posture
Poor balance
Slowness of movement
Masked facies
Slowed speech
Decreased voice amplitude
Ocular disturbances |
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Term
symptoms of tourettes
comorbidities |
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Definition
Simple- ex. Sniffing sounds
Complex – ex. Movements
Involuntary swearing rare
Tics range in severity
Depression, ADHD, OCD, Involuntary Tic |
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